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 Megha Engineering & Infrastructures Ltd.

We are Looking For Graduate Engineering
Trainee(GET), for Uttar Pradesh.

Location: All Over Uttar Pradesh.

Qualification: B.Tech(Civil/Mech) ,

Pass out Year: 2021/2022/2023 Only

Interested Candidates can Send their Resume to the
below email id :

psreelakshmi@meghaeng.com		  psreelakshmi@meghaeng.com
 
Graduate Trainee

Gsource Technologies LLC Pune, Maharashtra, India
 
The ideal candidate will be a Civil Engineering Fresher with considerable AutoCAD skills. By utilizing strong organizational and communication skills, this candidate will also have the ability to execute a project based on the criteria ...

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📡 WIRELESS & SIGNAL PROCESSING


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MIMO Channel Matrix | Rank and Condition Number

MIMO / Massive MIMO MIMO Channel Matrix | Rank and Condition...   The channel matrix in wireless communication is a matrix that describes the impact of the channel on the transmitted signal. The channel matrix can be used to model the effects of the atmospheric or underwater environment on the signal, such as the absorption, reflection or scattering of the signal by surrounding objects. When addressing multi-antenna communication, the term "channel matrix" is used. Let's assume that only one TX and one RX are in communication and there's no surrounding object. Here, in our case, we can apply the proper threshold condition to a received signal and get the original transmitted signal at the RX side. However, in real-world situations, we see signal path blockage, reflections, etc.,  (NLOS paths [↗]) more frequently. The obstruction is typically caused by building walls, etc. Multi-antenna communication was introduced to address this issue. It makes diversity app...
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UGC NET Electronic Science Previous Year Question Papers with Solutions

Home / Engineering & Other Exams / UGC NET 2026 PYQ ⬇️ Download Papers and Solutions 📋 Exam Pattern 💡 Preparation Tips ❓ FAQs 📊 Exam Highlights: Electronic Science (88) Feature Details Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) ₹37,000 + HRA per month Eligibility M.Sc/M.Tech in Electronics (55%) Validity of Certificate JRF (3 Years) | Lectureship (Lifetime) 📥 Download UGC NET Electronics PDFs Complete collection of previous year question papers, answer keys and explanations for Subject Code 88. Start Downloading 📂 View All Question Papers June 2025 - Question Paper Download PDF June 2025 - Solved Paper + Explanation ...
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BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...(MATLAB Code + Simulator)

Bit Error Rate (BER) & SNR Guide Analyze communication system performance with our interactive simulators and MATLAB tools. 📘 Theory 🧮 Simulators 💻 MATLAB Code 📚 Resources BER Definition SNR Formula BER Calculator MATLAB Comparison 📂 Explore M-ary QAM, PSK, and QPSK Topics ▼ 🧮 Constellation Simulator: M-ary QAM 🧮 Constellation Simulator: M-ary PSK 🧮 BER calculation for ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Approaches to BER vs SNR Calculation What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The BER indicates how many corrupted bits are received compared to the total number of bits sent. It is the primary figur...
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Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK Signal Generation

Interactive Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Tutorial and Simulator for ASK, FSK, and BPSK modulation techniques. Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator!   •   Interactive ASK, FSK, and BPSK tools updated for 2025. Start Now Digital Modulation Visualizer: ASK, FSK, & BPSK Simulator Learn and visualize binary modulation techniques (ASK, FSK, BPSK) in real-time with adjustable carrier and sampling parameters. Perfect for DSP students and engineers. 📡 ASK Simulator 📶 FSK Simulator 🎚️ BPSK Simulator 📚 More Topics ASK Modulator FSK Modulator BPSK Modulator More Topics 1. ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) Simulat...
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MATLAB Code for OTFS (Orthogonal Time Frequency Space)

MATLAB Code for OTFS (Orthogonal Time Frequency Space) %% Clear workspace clc; clear; close all ; %% Step 1: OTFS Parameters N_delay = 4; % Number of delay bins (rows) N_doppler = 4; % Number of Doppler bins (columns) N_sym = N_delay * N_doppler; modOrder = 4; % QPSK SNR_dB = 20; % Noise level %% Step 2: Generate random data symbols data = randi([0 modOrder-1], N_sym, 1); txSymbols = pskmod(data, modOrder, pi/4); disp( 'Transmitted Delay-Doppler symbols:' ); disp(reshape(txSymbols, N_delay, N_doppler)); %% Step 3: Map Delay-Doppler → Time-Frequency (ISFFT) % ISFFT: Inverse Symplectic Finite Fourier Transform % 1. Take IDFT along Doppler (columns) % 2. Take DFT along Delay (rows) ddSymbols = reshape(txSymbols, N_delay, N_doppler); % Step 3a: IDFT along columns (Doppler) tfGrid = ifft(ddSymbols, N_doppler, 2); %IFFT (accross columns) along Doppler → spreads in time (Delay → Time) %FFT (accross rows)along Delay → spreads in frequency (Delay → Frequency) % Step 3b: DFT along ...
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MATLAB Code for BER performance of QPSK with BPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, etc

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FFT Butterfly Method Explained (with Simulations)

4-Point FFT Using Butterfly Method Given: x[n] = {0, 1, 2, 3} Step 1: Split into Even & Odd Even indices: x e = {x[0], x[2]} = {0, 2} Odd indices: x o = {x[1], x[3]} = {1, 3} Step 2: 2-point DFT For any {a, b}: DFT = {a + b, a - b} Even Part (E): {0+2, 0-2} = {2, -2} Odd Part (O): {1+3, 1-3} = {4, -2} Step 3: Combine Using Butterfly X[k] = E[k] + W 4 k O[k] X[k + 2] = E[k] - W 4 k O[k] Twiddle Factors (N=4): W 4 0 = 1, W 4 1 = -j Final Calculations: X[0] = E[0] + W 4 0 O[0] = 2 + (1)(4) = 6 X[2] = E[0] - W 4 0 O[0] = 2 - (1)(4) = -2 X[1] = E[1] + W 4 1 O[1] = -2 + (-j)(-2) = -2 + 2j X[3] = E[1] - W 4 1 O[1] = -2 - (-j)(-2) = -2 - 2j Final Answer: X[k] = {6, -2 + 2j, -2, -2 - 2j} 8-Point FFT Using Butterfly Method Given: x[n] = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Step 1: Split into Bit-Reversed Order To perform DIT-FFT, split the 8 points into pairs of two: Group A: {x[0], x[4]} = {0, 4}...
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OFDM Symbols and Subcarriers Explained

This article explains how OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) symbols and subcarriers work. It covers modulation, mapping symbols to subcarriers, subcarrier frequency spacing, IFFT synthesis, cyclic prefix, and transmission. Step 1: Modulation First, modulate the input bitstream. For example, with 16-QAM , each group of 4 bits maps to one QAM symbol. Suppose we generate a sequence of QAM symbols: s0, s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, …, s63 Step 2: Mapping Symbols to Subcarriers Assume N sub = 8 subcarriers. Each OFDM symbol in the frequency domain contains 8 QAM symbols (one per subcarrier): Mapping (example) OFDM symbol 1 → s0, s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6, s7 OFDM symbol 2 → s8, s9, s10, s11, s12, s13, s14, s15 … OFDM sym...
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