๐ Overview of BER and SNR ๐งฎ Online Simulator for BER calculation of m-ary QAM and m-ary PSK ๐งฎ MATLAB Code for BER calculation of M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ... ๐ Further Reading ๐ View Other Topics on M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK ... ๐งฎ Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary QAM ๐งฎ Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary PSK ๐งฎ MATLAB Code for BER calculation of ASK, FSK, and PSK ๐งฎ MATLAB Code for BER calculation of Alamouti Scheme ๐งฎ Different approaches to calculate BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for bit error rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. It is defined as, In mathematics, BER = (number of bits received in error / total number of transmitted bits) On the other hand, SNR ...
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๐ Overview of Delay Spread and Multi-path ๐งฎ Excess Delay spread ๐งฎ Power delay Profile ๐งฎ RMS Delay Spread ๐ Further Reading ๐ Other Topics on RMS Delay Spread, Excess Delay ... ๐งฎ Multipath Components or MPCs ๐งฎ Online Simulator for Calculating RMS Delay Spread ๐งฎ Why is there significant multipath in the case of very high frequencies? ๐งฎ Why RMS Delay Spread is essential for wireless communication? ๐งฎ Why the Power Delay Profile is essential? ๐งฎ MATLAB Codes for Calculating Different Types of delay Spreads Delay Spread, Excess Delay Spread, and Multipath (MPCs) The fundamental distinction between wireless and wired connections is that in wireless connections signal reaches at receiver thru multipath signal propagation rather than directed transmission like co-axial cable. Wireless Communication has no set communication path between the transmitter and the receiver. The line...
๐ Overview of Energy per Bit (Eb / N0) ๐งฎ Online Simulator for constellation diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK ๐งฎ Theory behind Constellation Diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK ๐งฎ MATLAB Codes for Constellation Diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK ๐ Further Reading ๐ Other Topics on Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK ... ๐งฎ Simulator for constellation diagrams of m-ary PSK ๐งฎ Simulator for constellation diagrams of m-ary QAM BASK (Binary ASK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: 0 or -√Eb, where Eb is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1. BFSK (Binary FSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: +√Eb ( On the y-axis, the phase shift of 90 degrees with respect to the x-axis, which is also termed phase offset ) or √Eb (on x-axis), where Eb is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1. BPSK (Binary PSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals...
๐ Comparisons among ASK, FSK, and PSK ๐งฎ Online Simulator for calculating Bandwidth of ASK, FSK, and PSK ๐งฎ MATLAB Code for BER vs. SNR Analysis of ASK, FSK, and PSK ๐ Further Reading ๐ View Other Topics on Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK ... ๐งฎ Comparisons of Noise Sensitivity, Bandwidth, Complexity, etc. ๐งฎ MATLAB Code for Constellation Diagrams of ASK, FSK, and PSK ๐งฎ Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK Generation ๐งฎ Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK Constellation ๐งฎ Some Questions and Answers Modulation ASK, FSK & PSK Constellation MATLAB Simulink MATLAB Code Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK Simulator for Calculating Bandwidth of ASK, FSK, and PSK The baud rate represents the number of symbols transmitted per second. Both baud rate and bit rate a...
๐ Overview & Theory of Pulse Amplitude Moduation (PAM) ๐งฎ MATLAB Code for Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation of Analog Signal and Digital Signal ๐งฎ Simulation results for comparison of PAM, PWM, PPM, DM, and PCM ๐ Further Reading ๐ Other Topics on Pulse Amplitude Modulation ... ๐งฎ MATLAB Code for Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation of an Analog Signal (2) ๐งฎ MATLAB Code for Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation of Digital data ๐งฎ Other Pulse Modulation Techniques (e.g., PWM, PPM, DM, and PCM) Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) & Demodulation of an Analog Message Signal MATLAB Script clc; clear all; close all; fm= 10; % frequency of the message signal fc= 100; % frequency of the carrier signal fs=1000*fm; % (=100KHz) sampling frequency (where 1000 is the upsampling factor) t=0:1/fs:1; % sampling rate of (1/fs = 100 kHz) m=1*cos(2*pi*fm*t); % Message signal with per...
๐ Introduction, AWGN, and Rayleigh Fading ๐งฎ Simulator for the effect of AWGN and Rayleigh Fading on a BPSK Signal ๐งฎ MATLAB Codes ๐ Further Reading Wireless Signal Processing Gaussian and Rayleigh Distribution Difference between AWGN and Rayleigh Fading 1. Introduction Rayleigh fading coefficients and AWGN, or additive white gaussian noise [↗] , are two distinct factors that affect a wireless communication channel. In mathematics, we can express it in that way. Fig: Rayleigh Fading due to multi-paths Let's explore wireless communication under two common noise scenarios: AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) and Rayleigh fading. y = h*x + n ... (i) Symbol '*' represents convolution. The transmitted signal x is multiplied by the channel coefficient or channel impulse response (h) in the equation above, and the symbol "n" stands for the white Gaussian noise that is added to the si...
๐ How Beamforming Improves SNR ๐งฎ MATLAB Code ๐ Further Reading ๐ Other Topics on Beamforming in MATLAB ... MIMO / Massive MIMO Beamforming Techniques Beamforming Techniques MATLAB Codes for Beamforming... How Beamforming Improves SNR The mathematical [↗] and theoretical aspects of beamforming [↗] have already been covered. We'll talk about coding in MATLAB in this tutorial so that you may generate results for different beamforming approaches. Let's go right to the content of the article. In analog beamforming, certain codebooks are employed on the TX and RX sides to select the best beam pairs. Because of their beamforming gains, communication created through the strongest beams from both the TX and RX side enhances spectrum efficiency. Additionally, beamforming gain directly impacts SNR improvement. Wireless communication system capacity = bandwidth*log2(1+SNR)...
๐ Overview ๐งฎ The Mathematics Behind Analog, Digital, and Hybrid Beamforming ๐ Further Reading ๐ Other Topics on Beamforming in MIMO ... MIMO / Massive MIMO Beamforming Techniques Beam steering, which permits strong directed beams towards the receiver to combat excessive pathloss, especially for higher frequency bands, immediately comes to mind when discussing mathematical aspects of Beamforming in MIMO antennas. On the other side, it also lessens signal interference and improves the effectiveness of spatial multiplexing in Massive MIMO communication. Let's go right to the mathematical parts of Beamforming, which will make it easier for you to code in Python and MATLAB. 1. Beam Steering (Analog Beamforming) In the first stage, the BS applies beam steering at the side of the mobile station (MS) while the MS enables omnidirectional transmission. In the following step, the MS uses beam steering while the BS is an...