Skip to main content
Wireless Communication Modulation MATLAB Beamforming Project Ideas MIMO Computer Networks

4G, 5G


Topics

What is 5G Technology? Frequency Bands, Speed, and Others
Theoretical Aspects of 5G Technology | Everything You Need to Know About 5G | 5G FAQ
5g Availability by Cities Worldwide
What is 5G RAN?
Channel modelling for millimeter wave
Future scope of patch antennas that are used for 5g Applications
Discussion of some confusing questions about mm-wave 5G
Frequently Asked Questions about 5G
Time-delayed saleh valenzuala cluster model for UWB & mm-Wave
Ultra-Wideband (UWB)
What is Millimeter Wave (mm wave)?
Challenges and Potential Solutions for 5G Networks
5G Channel Estimation using Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP)
Difference between 4G and 5G technology | In the context of Frequency, Bandwidth ...
Standalone (SA) and non-Standalone (non-SA) Networks in 5G
Network Slicing for 5G Networks
5G : Challenges and Potential Solutions for 5G Communication
Raytracing in Modern Wireless Communication
Present and Future Wireless Communication Systems
Best 5G Blogs
What is 5G? How will it transform our world?
5G in India: Spectrum Acquisitions of Airtel, Jio, Vodafone Idea
5G Technology: Requirements and Enabling Technologies
What frequency is 5G? All the different 5G ranges, explained
Is 5G Harmful to People?
Will rural areas get 5G?
Will 5G work in remote areas?
More ...


Beamforming & Channel EstimationClick here

MIMO / Massive MIMO Click here

Future Communication Systems Click here

Internet of Things (IoTs) Click here

Extremely high frequency (Click here)



People are good at skipping over material they already know!

View Related Topics to







Admin & Author: Salim

profile

  Website: www.salimwireless.com
  Interests: Signal Processing, Telecommunication, 5G Technology, Present & Future Wireless Technologies, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Networks, Millimeter Wave Band Channel, Web Development
  Seeking an opportunity in the Teaching or Electronics & Telecommunication domains.
  Possess M.Tech in Electronic Communication Systems.


Contact Us

Name

Email *

Message *

Popular Posts

BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...

Modulation Constellation Diagrams BER vs. SNR BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ... What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for bit error rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. It is defined as,  In mathematics, BER = (number of bits received in error / total number of transmitted bits)  On the other hand, SNR refers to the signal-to-noise power ratio. For ease of calculation, we commonly convert it to dB or decibels.   What is Signal the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)? SNR = signal power/noise power (SNR is a ratio of signal power to noise power) SNR (in dB) = 10*log(signal power / noise power) [base 10] For instance, the SNR for a given communication system is 3dB. So, SNR (in ratio) = 10^{SNR (in dB) / 10} = 2 Therefore, in this instance, the s...
Read more

Antenna Gain-Combining Methods - EGC, MRC, SC, and RMSGC

 There are different antenna gain-combining methods. They are as follows. 1. Equal gain combining (EGC) 2. Maximum ratio combining (MRC) 3. Selective combining (SC) 4. Root mean square gain combining (RMSGC) 1. Equal gain combining method We add the correlated data streams from different antennas in the equal gain combining method. Then we multiply the resultant data with (1/(number of antennas)) For example, for two antenna gain-combining  If the received symbols are y1 and y2, then  Equal combing gain, y_egc = 0.5 * (y1 + y2) 2. Maximum ratio combining method We multiply the individual data streams with weights in the maximum ratio combining method. More weightage is multiplied by those data streams with maximum {|h|^2}, where h denotes the channel impulse response. And less weightage is multiplied by those data streams with corresponding small value of  {|h|^2}.  Then we sum the data streams to improve SNR. In the case of Maximum Ratio Combining, if y1 an...
Read more

MATLAB Code for Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Demodulation

   Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) MATLAB Script clc; clear all; close all; fs=30; %frequency of the sawtooth signal fm=3; %frequency of the message signal sampling_frequency = 10e3; a=0.5; % amplitide t=0:(1/sampling_frequency):1; %sampling rate of 10kHz sawtooth=2*a.*sawtooth(2*pi*fs*t); %generating a sawtooth wave subplot(4,1,1); plot(t,sawtooth); % plotting the sawtooth wave title('Comparator Wave'); msg=a.*sin(2*pi*fm*t); %generating message wave subplot(4,1,2); plot(t,msg); %plotting the sine message wave title('Message Signal'); for i=1:length(sawtooth) if (msg(i)>=sawtooth(i)) pwm(i)=1; %is message signal amplitude at i th sample is greater than %sawtooth wave amplitude at i th sample else pwm(i)=0; end end subplot(4,1,3); plot(t,pwm,'r'); title('PWM'); axis([0 1 0 1.1]); %to keep the pwm visible during plotting. %% Demodulation % Demodulation: Measure the pulse width to reconstruct the signal demodulated_signal = zeros(size(msg)); for i = 1:leng...
Read more

Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK | And the definitions of each

Modulation ASK, FSK & PSK Constellation MATLAB Simulink MATLAB Code Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK    Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK Comparison among ASK,  FSK, and PSK Performance Comparison: 1. Noise Sensitivity:    - ASK is the most sensitive to noise due to its reliance on amplitude variations.    - PSK is less sensitive to noise compared to ASK.    - FSK is relatively more robust against noise, making it suitable for noisy environments. 2. Bandwidth Efficiency:    - PSK is the most bandwidth-efficient, requiring less bandwidth than FSK for the same data rate.    - FSK requires wider bandwidth compared to PSK.    - ASK's bandwidth efficiency lies between FSK and PSK. Bandwidth Calculator for ASK, FSK, and PSK The baud rate represents the number of symbols transmitted per second Select Modulation Type: ASK...
Read more

Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK

BASK (Binary ASK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: 0 or -√Eb, where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1.    BFSK (Binary FSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: +√Eb​ ( On the y-axis, the phase shift of 90 degrees with respect to the x-axis, which is also termed phase offset ) or √Eb (on x-axis), where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1.  BPSK (Binary PSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: +√Eb​ or -√Eb (they differ by 180 degree phase shift), where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1.  Key Points For Binary Amplitude Shift Keying (BASK), binary bit '0' can be represented as lower level voltage or no signal and bit '1' as higher level voltage.  For Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK), you can map binary bit '0' to 'j' and bit '1' to '1'. So, signals are in phase.  A phase shift of 0 degrees could represent a binary '1...
Read more

Theoretical and simulated BER vs. SNR for ASK, FSK, and PSK

  BER vs. SNR denotes how many bits in error are received in a communication process for a particular Signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio. In most cases, SNR is measured in decibel (dB). For a typical communication system, a signal is often affected by two types of noises 1. Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) 2. Rayleigh Fading In the case of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), random magnitude is added to the transmitted signal. On the other hand, Rayleigh fading (due to multipath) attenuates the different frequency components of a signal differently. A good signal-to-noise ratio tries to mitigate the effect of noise.  Calculate BER for Binary ASK Modulation The theoretical BER for binary ASK (BASK) in an AWGN channel is given by: BER  = (1/2) * erfc(0.5 * sqrt(SNR_ask));   Enter SNR (dB): Calculate BER BER vs. SNR curves for ASK, FSK, and PSK Calculate BER for Binary FSK Modulation The theoretical BER for binary FSK (BFSK) in a...
Read more

Coherence Bandwidth and Coherence Time

  Coherence Bandwidth Coherence bandwidth is a concept in wireless communication and signal processing that relates to the frequency range over which a wireless channel remains approximately constant in terms of its characteristics. coherence bandwidth is  The inverse of Doppler spread delay time, or any spread delay time due to fading in general.  The coherence bandwidth is related to the delay spread of the channel, which is a measure of the time it takes for signals to traverse the channel. The two are related by the following formulae: Coherence bandwidth = 1/(delay spread time) Or, Coherence Bandwidth = 1/(root-mean-square delay spread time) (Coherence bandwidth in Hertz) For instance, the coherence bandwidth is 2 MHz when the delay spread is {1/(2*10^6)} = 500 ns in a household indoor environment. For narrowband approximation, Coherence Bandwidth = 1/root-mean-square delay spread time Coherence bandwidth is a measure of the frequency spread over which a wir...
Read more

Difference between AWGN and Rayleigh Fading

Wireless Signal Processing Gaussian and Rayleigh Distribution Difference between AWGN and Rayleigh Fading 1. Introduction Rayleigh fading coefficients and AWGN, or additive white gaussian noise [↗] , are two distinct factors that affect a wireless communication channel. In mathematics, we can express it in that way.  Fig: Rayleigh Fading due to multi-paths Let's explore wireless communication under two common noise scenarios: AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) and Rayleigh fading. y = h*x + n ... (i) Symbol '*' represents convolution. The transmitted signal  x  is multiplied by the channel coefficient or channel impulse response (h)  in the equation above, and the symbol  "n"  stands for the white Gaussian noise that is added to the signal through any type of channel (here, it is a wireless channel or wireless medium). Due to multi-paths the channel impulse response (h) changes. And multi-paths cause Rayleigh fa...
Read more