Skip to main content
Home Wireless Communication Modulation MATLAB Beamforming Project Ideas MIMO Computer Networks Lab 🚀
Electronics Industry Wireless FORUM Work Hub Applications & Games Generate QR for Any Link Sitemap Generator (for Any Website) Play game Electrical & Electronics Calculator Contact Get Newsletter.
☰

BER performance of QPSK with BPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, etc

 

 Compare the BER performance of QPSK with other modulation schemes (e.g., 
BPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, etc) under similar conditions.


MATLAB Code

clear all;
close all;

% Set parameters for QAM
snr_dB = -20:2:20; % SNR values in dB
qam_orders = [4, 16, 64, 256]; % QAM modulation orders

% Loop through each QAM order and calculate theoretical BER
figure;
for qam_order = qam_orders
    % Calculate theoretical BER using berawgn for QAM
    ber_qam = berawgn(snr_dB, 'qam', qam_order);

    % Plot the results for QAM
    semilogy(snr_dB, ber_qam, 'o-', 'DisplayName', sprintf('%d-QAM', qam_order));
    hold on;
end

% Set parameters for QPSK
EbNoVec_qpsk = (-20:20)'; % Eb/No range for QPSK
SNRlin_qpsk = 10.^(EbNoVec_qpsk/10); % SNR linear values for QPSK

% Calculate the theoretical BER for QPSK using the provided formula
ber_qpsk_theo = 2*qfunc(sqrt(2*SNRlin_qpsk));

% Plot the results for QPSK
semilogy(EbNoVec_qpsk, ber_qpsk_theo, 's-', 'DisplayName', 'QPSK (Theoretical)');
hold on;

% Set parameters for BPSK
EbNoVec_bpsk = (-20:20)'; % Eb/No range for BPSK

% Calculate the theoretical BER for BPSK using the provided formula
ber_bpsk_theo = (1/2) * erfc(sqrt(10.^(EbNoVec_bpsk/10)));

% Plot the results for BPSK
semilogy(EbNoVec_bpsk, ber_bpsk_theo, 'x-', 'DisplayName', 'BPSK (Theoretical)');
hold on;

% Add labels, legend, and grid
title('BER vs SNR for Various Modulation Schemes');
xlabel('SNR (dB)');
ylabel('Bit Error Rate (BER)');
grid on;
legend('Location', 'best');

% Set y-axis limits
ylim([1e-6, 1e0]);

Copy the MATLAB Code from here

 Output


 

Are QPSK and 4-PSK same?

QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) and 4-PSK (4-Phase Shift Keying) are related but not exactly the same.

    QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying): In QPSK, each symbol represents 2 bits of data. It modulates the carrier signal by changing its phase with four possible values (0°, 90°, 180°, 270°) corresponding to four different states. These four states can be represented in a constellation diagram with points at (1,1), (-1,1), (-1,-1), and (1,-1). Each symbol represents a combination of two bits, where one pair of bits represents the in-phase component and the other pair represents the quadrature component.

    4-PSK (4-Phase Shift Keying): 4-PSK is a more general term that refers to any Phase Shift Keying modulation with 4 different phase shifts. This could include QPSK as a specific case. However, 4-PSK might also refer to modulation schemes where each symbol represents only one bit of data, unlike QPSK where each symbol represents 2 bits. In a 4-PSK constellation, there are still four points, but they might not correspond to the same bit combinations as in QPSK.

So, while QPSK is a specific form of 4-PSK, not all 4-PSK schemes are QPSK. The distinction lies in how many bits each symbol represents and how the phase shifts are utilized.

 

People are good at skipping over material they already know!

View Related Topics to







Admin & Author: Salim

profile

  Website: www.salimwireless.com
  Interests: Signal Processing, Telecommunication, 5G Technology, Present & Future Wireless Technologies, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Networks, Millimeter Wave Band Channel, Web Development
  Seeking an opportunity in the Teaching or Electronics & Telecommunication domains.
  Possess M.Tech in Electronic Communication Systems.


Contact Us

Name

Email *

Message *

Popular Posts

Channel Impulse Response (CIR)

Channel Impulse Response (CIR) Wireless Signal Processing CIR, Doppler Shift & Gaussian Random Variable  The Channel Impulse Response (CIR) is a concept primarily used in the field of telecommunications and signal processing. It provides information about how a communication channel responds to an impulse signal.   What is the Channel Impulse Response (CIR) ? It describes the behavior of a communication channel in response to an impulse signal. In signal processing,  an impulse signal has zero amplitude at all other times and amplitude  ∞ at time 0 for the signal. Using a Dirac Delta function, we can approximate this.  ...(i) δ( t) now has a very intriguing characteristic. The answer is 1 when the Fourier Transform of  δ( t) is calculated. As a result, all frequencies are responded to equally by  δ (t). This is crucial since we never know which frequencies a system will affect when examining an unidentified one. Since i...
Read more

MATLAB Code for QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)

  One of the best-performing modulation techniques is QAM [↗] . Here, we modulate the symbols by varying the carrier signal's amplitude and phase in response to the variation in the message signal (or voltage variation). So, we may say that QAM is a combination of phase and amplitude modulation. Additionally, it performs better than ASK or PSK [↗] . In fact, any constellation for any type of modulation, signal set (or, symbols) is structured in a way that prevents them from interacting further by being distinct by phase, amplitude, or frequency. MATLAB Script % This code is written by SalimWirelss.Com % This is an example of 4-QAM. Here constellation size is 4 % or total number of symbols/signals is 4 % We need 2 bits once to represent four constellation points % QAM modulation is the combination of Amplitude modulation plus % Phase Modulation. We map the decimal value of the input symbols, i.e., % 00, 01, 10, 11 to 1 + 1i, -1 + 1i, 1 - 1i, and -1 - 1i, respectively. clc;clear all;...
Read more

Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK | And the definitions of each

Modulation ASK, FSK & PSK Constellation MATLAB Simulink MATLAB Code Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK    Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK Comparison among ASK,  FSK, and PSK Performance Comparison: 1. Noise Sensitivity:    - ASK is the most sensitive to noise due to its reliance on amplitude variations.    - PSK is less sensitive to noise compared to ASK.    - FSK is relatively more robust against noise, making it suitable for noisy environments. 2. Bandwidth Efficiency:    - PSK is the most bandwidth-efficient, requiring less bandwidth than FSK for the same data rate.    - FSK requires wider bandwidth compared to PSK.    - ASK's bandwidth efficiency lies between FSK and PSK. Bandwidth Calculator for ASK, FSK, and PSK The baud rate represents the number of symbols transmitted per second Select Modulation Type: ASK...
Read more

Star to Delta Conversion and Vice Versa | star delta conversion

The transformation of a star to a delta and a delta to a star circuit is a hot topic in electrical science and engineering. Examiners often ask about the conversion of star to delta and delta to star circuit diagram. When solving complex circuits, the conversion procedure can sometimes ease calculations and save time. Without further ado, we'll go over the characteristics of both a star and a delta circuit. As its title suggests, the star circuit looks like a star. Delta circuit, on the other hand, looks like a delta. Now we'll look at the mathematical method for converting delta to star and star to delta. Delta to Star R1 = RaRb / (Ra + Rb + Rc) R2 = RbRc / (Ra + Rb + Rc) R3 = RaRc / (Ra + Rb + Rc) Use star to delta online converter and vice versa Star to Delta Ra = (R1R2 + R2R3 + R3R1) / R2 Rb = (R1R2 + R2R3 + R3R1) / R3 Rc = (R1R2 + R2R3 + R3R1) / R1 Next Page>>
Read more

Simulation of ASK, FSK, and PSK using MATLAB Simulink

ASK, FSK & PSK HomePage MATLAB Simulation Simulation of Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) using MATLAB Simulink      In Simulink, we pick different components/elements from MATLAB Simulink Library. Then we connect the components and perform a particular operation.  Result A sine wave source, a pulse generator, a product block, a mux, and a scope are shown in the diagram above. The pulse generator generates the '1' and '0' bit sequences. Sine wave sources produce a specific amplitude and frequency. The scope displays the modulated signal as well as the original bit sequence created by the pulse generator. Mux is a tool for displaying both modulated and unmodulated signals at the same time. The result section shows that binary '1' is modulated by a certain sine wave amplitude of 1 Volt, and binary '0' is modulated by zero amplitude. Simulation of Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) using MATLAB Simulink   Result The diagram above shows t...
Read more

MIMO, massive MIMO, and Beamforming

  The term 'MIMO' was originally applied to systems with multiple antennas on both the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) sides. MIMO is a key component of Wi-Fi 4 and 5, 3G, and 4G cellular networks. This method was introduced to increase the capacity of a channel by sending multiple simultaneous data streams through a single channel. All simultaneous data streams in a MIMO system are encoded orthogonally multiplexed, which reduces interference. Massive MIMO is used extensively in 5G to achieve extremely high capacity and to communicate via  beamforming  or directional transmission. 1. Some essential characteristics of a MIMO system 1.1. Spatial Division Multiplexing Access (SDMA) SDMA is a key feature of MIMO, allowing a base station (BS) to communicate with several devices simultaneously (or even using the same frequency) if they are in different locations. There may be no knowledge of channel information at the transmitter. 1.2. Spatial Multiplexing Another essential ...
Read more

MATLAB Code for Rank and Condition Number of a Channel Matrix

To assess the signal strengths of various multipaths between TX and RX and enable communication, the rank and condition numbers of a channel matrix are highly helpful characteristics. Signal multipath propagation is a typical occurrence in wireless communication. Phases shift and the signal weakens during this process. We are discussing signal phases in this context. When numerous multipaths arrive at the receiver, the resulting signal may be additive or destructive because of phase alterations. A channel matrix is referred to as a sparse matrix if it only has a few stronger elements and the majority of the other elements are zero. Finding rank and condition number for sparse matrices is important for numerous reasons. That topic has already been covered in another article [ click here ]. We will just talk about the corresponding MATLAB codes here. MATLAB Code for Rank and Condition Number of a Channel Matrix %Author: Salim Wireless For study materials on wireless %com...
Read more

MATLAB Code for Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Demodulation

   Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) MATLAB Script   clc; clear all; close all; fs=5; %frequency of the sawtooth signal fm=5; %frequency of the message signal sampling_frequency = 10e3; a=0.5; % amplitide t=0:(1/sampling_frequency):1; %sampling rate of 10kHz sawtooth=1.01*a.*sawtooth(2*pi*fs*t); %generating a sawtooth wave subplot(4,1,1); plot(t,sawtooth); % plotting the sawtooth wave title('Comparator Wave'); msg=a.*sin(2*pi*fm*t); %generating message wave subplot(4,1,2); plot(t,msg); %plotting the sine message wave title('Message Signal'); for i=1:length(sawtooth) if (msg(i)>=sawtooth(i)) pwm(i)=1; %is message signal amplitude at i th sample is greater than %sawtooth wave amplitude at i th sample else pwm(i)=0; end end subplot(4,1,3); plot(t,pwm,'r'); title('PWM'); axis([0 1 0 1.1]); %to keep the pwm visible during plotting. %% Demodulation % Demodulation: Measure the pulse width to reconstruct the signal demodulated_signal = zeros(size(msg)); for i =...
Read more