ASCII to Binary using MATLAB and Vice Versa

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ASCII to Binary using MATLAB and Vice Versa

MATLAB Script

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Recovered_ASCII =

'Wireless Communication'

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MATLAB

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BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...

Modulation Constellation Diagrams BER vs. SNR BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ... 1. What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for bit error rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. It is defined as, In mathematics, BER = (number of bits received in error / total number of transmitted bits) On the other hand, SNR refers to the signal-to-noise power ratio. For ease of calculation, we commonly convert it to dB or decibels. 2. What is Signal the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)? SNR = signal power/noise power (SNR is a ratio of signal power to noise power) SNR (in dB) = 10*log(signal power / noise power) [base 10] For instance, the SNR for a given communication system is 3dB. So, SNR (in ratio) = 10^{SNR (in dB) / 10} = 2 Therefore, in this instance,...

Channel Impulse Response (CIR)

Channel Impulse Response (CIR) Wireless Signal Processing CIR, Doppler Shift & Gaussian Random Variable The Channel Impulse Response (CIR) is a concept primarily used in the field of telecommunications and signal processing. It provides information about how a communication channel responds to an impulse signal. What is the Channel Impulse Response (CIR) ? It describes the behavior of a communication channel in response to an impulse signal. In signal processing, an impulse signal has zero amplitude at all other times and amplitude ∞ at time 0 for the signal. Using a Dirac Delta function, we can approximate this. ...(i) δ( t) now has a very intriguing characteristic. The answer is 1 when the Fourier Transform of δ( t) is calculated. As a result, all frequencies are responded to equally by δ (t). This is crucial since we never know which frequencies a system will affect when examining an unidentified one. Since i...

BER vs SNR for ASK, FSK, and PSK

BER vs. SNR denotes how many bits in error are received in a communication process for a particular Signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio. In most cases, SNR is measured in decibel (dB). For a typical communication system, a signal is often affected by two types of noises 1. Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) 2. Rayleigh Fading In the case of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), random magnitude is added to the transmitted signal. On the other hand, Rayleigh fading (due to multipath) attenuates the different frequency components of a signal differently. A good signal-to-noise ratio tries to mitigate the effect of noise. Calculate BER for Binary ASK Modulation The theoretical BER for binary ASK (BASK) in an AWGN channel is given by: BER = (1/2) * erfc(0.5 * sqrt(SNR_ask)); Enter SNR (dB): Calculate BER BER vs. SNR curves for ASK, FSK, and PSK Calculate BER for Binary FSK Modulation The theoretical BER for binary FSK (BFSK) in a...

Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK | And the definitions of each

Modulation ASK, FSK & PSK Constellation MATLAB Simulink MATLAB Code Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK Comparison among ASK, FSK, and PSK Performance Comparison: 1. Noise Sensitivity: - ASK is the most sensitive to noise due to its reliance on amplitude variations. - PSK is less sensitive to noise compared to ASK. - FSK is relatively more robust against noise, making it suitable for noisy environments. 2. Bandwidth Efficiency: - PSK is the most bandwidth-efficient, requiring less bandwidth than FSK for the same data rate. - FSK requires wider bandwidth compared to PSK. - ASK's bandwidth efficiency lies between FSK and PSK. Bandwidth Calculator for ASK, FSK, and PSK The baud rate represents the number of symbols transmitted per second Select Modulation Type: ASK...

Cooley-Tukey algorithm for Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

Here's a step-by-step explanation of the Cooley-Tukey FFT algorithm: 1. Base Case: If the length of the input sequence x is 1, then the FFT of x is simply x itself. This is the stopping condition for the recursion. 2. Recursive Splitting: If the length of x is greater than 1, the algorithm splits the sequence into two parts: one containing the even-indexed elements and the other containing the odd-indexed elements. 3. FFT Computation: Recursively apply the FFT algorithm to both the even and odd subsequences obtained from the splitting step. This involves repeating steps 1-2 for each subsequence until reaching the base case. 4. Twiddle Factor: Calculate the twiddle factors, which are complex numbers that are applied to the odd-indexed elements before combining them with the even-indexed elements. These factors are calculated as e−2πik/N, where k ranges from 0 to N/2−1, and N is the length of the input sequence. 5. Combine Results: Combine the FFTs of t...

Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK

Modulation ASK, FSK & PSK Constellation BASK (Binary ASK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: 0 or -√Eb, where Eb is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1. BFSK (Binary FSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: +√Eb ( On the y-axis, the phase shift of 90 degrees with respect to the x-axis, which is also termed phase offset ) or √Eb (on x-axis), where Eb is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1. BPSK (Binary PSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: +√Eb or -√Eb (they differ by 180 degree phase shift), where Eb is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1. This article will primarily discuss constellation diagrams, as well as what constellation diagrams tell us and the significance of constellation diagrams. Constellation diagrams can often demonstrate how the amplitude and phase of signals or symbols differ. These two characteristics lessen the interference between t...

UGC NET Electronic Science Previous Year Question Papers

Home / Engineering & Other Exams / UGC NET 2022: Previous Year Question Papers ... NET | GATE | ESE | UGC-NET (Electronics Science, Subject code: 88 ) UGC Net Electronic Science Questions Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [December 2024] UGC Net Electronic Science Questions Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [June 2024] UGC Net Electronic Science Questions Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [December 2023] UGC Net Electronic Science Questions Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [June 2023] UGC Net Electronic Science Questions Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [December 2022] UGC Net Electronic Science Questions Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [June 2022] UGC Net Electronic Science Questions Paper With Answer Key Download Pdf [December 2021] UGC Net Electronic Science Questions With Answer Key Download Pdf [June 2020] UGC Net Electronic Science Questions With Answer Key Download Pdf [December 2019] UGC Net Electronic Science Questions With Answer...

Difference between AWGN and Rayleigh Fading

Wireless Signal Processing Gaussian and Rayleigh Distribution Difference between AWGN and Rayleigh Fading 1. Introduction Rayleigh fading coefficients and AWGN, or additive white gaussian noise [↗] , are two distinct factors that affect a wireless communication channel. In mathematics, we can express it in that way. Fig: Rayleigh Fading due to multi-paths Let's explore wireless communication under two common noise scenarios: AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) and Rayleigh fading. y = h*x + n ... (i) Symbol '*' represents convolution. The transmitted signal x is multiplied by the channel coefficient or channel impulse response (h) in the equation above, and the symbol "n" stands for the white Gaussian noise that is added to the signal through any type of channel (here, it is a wireless channel or wireless medium). Due to multi-paths the channel impulse response (h) changes. And multi-paths cause Rayleigh fa...

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