Coherence Bandwidth and Coherence Time (with MATLAB + Simulator)

• 🧮 Coherence Bandwidth
• 🧮 Coherence Time
• 🧮 MATLAB Codes
• 📚 Further Reading

For Doppler Delay or Multi-path Delay

Coherence time
T_coh ∝ 1 / v_max (For slow fading, coherence time T_coh is greater than the signaling interval.)

Coherence bandwidth
W_coh ∝ 1 / τ_max (For frequency-flat fading, coherence bandwidth W_coh is greater than the signaling bandwidth.)

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Where:

• T_coh = coherence time
• W_coh = coherence bandwidth
• v_max = maximum Doppler frequency (or maximum Doppler shift)
• τ_max = maximum excess delay (maximum time delay spread)

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Notes:

• The notation v_max⁻¹ and τ_max⁻¹ indicate inverse proportionality.
• Doppler spread refers to the range of frequency shifts caused by relative motion, determining T_coh.
• Delay spread (or multipath delay spread) determines W_coh.
• Frequency-flat fading occurs when W_coh is greater than the signaling bandwidth.

Coherence Bandwidth

Coherence bandwidth is a concept in wireless communication and signal processing that relates to the frequency range over which a wireless channel remains approximately constant in terms of its characteristics.

Coherence bandwidth is inversely related to the delay spread time (e.g., RMS delay spread). The coherence bandwidth is related to the delay spread of the channel, which is a measure of the time it takes for signals to traverse the channel due to multipath. The two are related by the following approximation:

Coherence Bandwidth ≈ 1/(delay spread time)

Or, Coherence Bandwidth ≈ 1/(root-mean-square delay spread time)

(Coherence bandwidth in Hertz)

For instance, if the root-mean-square delay spread is 500 ns (i.e., {1/(2*10^6)} seconds), the coherence bandwidth is approximately 2 MHz (1 / 500e-9) in a household indoor environment.

For narrowband approximation:

Coherence Bandwidth ≈ 1/root-mean-square delay spread time

 

Frequency Auto-correlation Function

The frequency auto-correlation function R_H(Δf) of the channel transfer function H(f) is defined as:

RH(Δf) = E{H(f)H*(f+Δf)}

E{⋅} denotes the expectation operator, and H*(f) is the complex conjugate of H(f).

• The Coherence Bandwidth (B_c) is precisely derived from this function. It's defined as the maximum Δf for which R_H(Δf) remains above a certain threshold (e.g., 0.5 or 1/e of its peak value).

• This threshold indicates the point where the channel response at f and f + Δf becomes sufficiently "uncorrelated" or "different" that they can no longer be considered "coherently" related.

 

Coherence Bandwidth Definition

The coherence bandwidth is often defined as the frequency separation Δf over which the auto-correlation function R_H(Δf) drops to a certain fraction of its maximum value, typically 0.5 or 1/e:

Bc ≈ 1 / (β * Tm)

Where T_m is the root-mean-square delay spread time, which characterizes the extent of multi-path propagation, and β is a constant (e.g., 5 for a 0.5 correlation drop or 2π for other definitions).

 

Coherence Time

Coherence time represents the duration for which the channel conditions remain approximately constant. It describes the amount of time during which the wireless channel's characteristics, including phase, amplitude, and delay, can be considered relatively stable.

The relationship between coherence time and Doppler spread is inverse. A larger Doppler spread (faster change) corresponds to a shorter coherence time and vice versa.

 

Time Auto-correlation Function

The time auto-correlation function R_h(Δt) of the channel impulse response h(t) is defined as:

Rh(Δt) = E{h(t)h*(t+Δt)}

E{⋅} denotes the expectation operator, and h*(t) is the complex conjugate of h(t).

• The Coherence Time (T_c) is precisely derived from this function. It's defined as the maximum Δt for which R_H(Δt) remains above a certain threshold (e.g., 0.5 or 1/e of its peak value).

• This threshold indicates the point where the channel response at t and t + Δt becomes sufficiently "uncorrelated" or "different" that they can no longer be considered "coherently" related.

 

Coherence Time Definition

The coherence time is often defined as the time lag Δt over which the auto-correlation function R_h(Δt) drops to a certain fraction of its maximum value, typically 0.5 or 1/e:

Tc ≈ 1 / fD

Where f_D is the Doppler spread, which characterizes the rate of change of the channel due to relative motion.

If a vehicle is moving at 30 m/s and the carrier frequency is 2 GHz:

fD = v * f / c = (30 * 2 * 10^9) / (3 * 10^8) = 200 Hz

So, the coherence time using the general approximation is 1 / (200) = 5 ms (approx).

In practice, Tc is often defined where the correlation drops to 0.5. A common rigorous approximation is Tc ≈ 0.423 / fD,max for Clarke's model.

 

MATLAB Code Example for Approximating Coherence Time and Bandwidth

% The code is written by SalimWireless.Com
clc;
clear all;
close all;

% Example: Define Doppler Spread and RMS Delay Spread directly for approximation
% (In a real scenario, these would be measured or estimated from channel data)

% --- Parameters for Coherence Time ---
vehicle_speed = 30; % m/s
carrier_frequency = 2e9; % Hz (2 GHz)
speed_of_light = 3e8; % m/s

doppler_spread = (vehicle_speed * carrier_frequency) / speed_of_light; % Hz

% Approximate Coherence Time (Tc ~ 1/fD)
coherence_time_approx = 1 / doppler_spread; % seconds

disp(['Doppler Spread (fD): ', num2str(doppler_spread), ' Hz']);
disp(['Approximate Coherence Time (Tc): ', num2str(coherence_time_approx), ' seconds']);

% --- Parameters for Coherence Bandwidth ---
rms_delay_spread = 500e-9; % seconds (e.g., 500 ns)

% Approximate Coherence Bandwidth (Bc ~ 1/rms_delay_spread, using a common factor like 1/5)
% A typical constant 'beta' is often used, for example, 5 for 0.5 correlation drop
beta_for_Bc = 5;
coherence_bandwidth_approx = 1 / (beta_for_Bc * rms_delay_spread); % Hz

disp(['RMS Delay Spread (Tm): ', num2str(rms_delay_spread), ' seconds']);
disp(['Approximate Coherence Bandwidth (Bc): ', num2str(coherence_bandwidth_approx), ' Hz']);

Output from the MATLAB Code above

Doppler Spread (fD): 200 Hz

Approximate Coherence Time (Tc): 0.005 seconds

RMS Delay Spread (Tm): 5e-07 seconds

Approximate Coherence Bandwidth (Bc): 400000 Hz

 

Relationship between Coherence Time and Doppler Spread, and Coherence Bandwidth and Delay Spread

The coherence time of a wireless channel is inversely proportional to its Doppler spread. Doppler spread refers to the range of Doppler shifts experienced by different multipath components, indicating how rapidly the channel changes due to motion.

Conversely, the coherence bandwidth of a wireless channel is inversely proportional to its delay spread. Delay spread refers to the time difference between the arrival of the first and last significant multipath components of a signal, indicating the frequency selectivity of the channel.

The relationship between coherence time (T_c) and Doppler spread (f_D) can be approximated using the formula:

Tc ≈ 1 / fD

And for coherence bandwidth (B_c) and delay spread (T_m):

Bc ≈ 1 / (β ⋅ Tm)

Where β is a factor depending on the specific characteristics of the wireless environment and the correlation level considered, typically ranging from 1 to 5 or 2π.

• In practice, Tc is often defined where the correlation drops to 0.5. A common rigorous approximation is Tc ≈ 0.423 / fd,max for Clarke's model.

 

MATLAB Code Example for Coherence Time Approximation (based on Doppler Spread)

% The code is written by SalimWireless.Com
clc;
clear all;
close all;

% Define parameters for Doppler Spread
vehicle_speed = 30; % m/s
carrier_frequency = 2e9; % Hz (2 GHz)
speed_of_light = 3e8; % m/s

% Calculate Doppler spread
doppler_spread = (vehicle_speed * carrier_frequency) / speed_of_light;

% Calculate coherence time using approximation
coherence_time = 1 / doppler_spread;

% Display coherence time
disp(['Calculated Doppler Spread (fD): ', num2str(doppler_spread), ' Hz']);
disp(['Approximate Coherence Time (Tc): ', num2str(coherence_time), ' seconds']);

Output from the MATLAB Code above

Calculated Doppler Spread (fD): 200 Hz

Approximate Coherence Time (Tc): 0.005 seconds

 

Further Reading

1. Clarke Jakes Model
2. Relationship Between Fading, Coherence Time, and Coherence Bandwidth
3. Coherence Bandwidth Online Simulator
    
4. Example of coherence time in wireless communication
5. Further study on time-bandwidth product
6. Slow fading vs. fast fading
7. Flat fading vs. Frequency Selective fading