Skip to main content

MATLAB Code for Rank and Condition Number of a Channel Matrix


To assess the signal strengths of various multipaths between TX and RX and enable communication, the rank and condition numbers of a channel matrix are highly helpful characteristics. Signal multipath propagation is a typical occurrence in wireless communication. Phases shift and the signal weakens during this process. We are discussing signal phases in this context. When numerous multipaths arrive at the receiver, the resulting signal may be additive or destructive because of phase alterations. A channel matrix is referred to as a sparse matrix if it only has a few stronger elements and the majority of the other elements are zero.


Finding rank and condition number for sparse matrices is important for numerous reasons. That topic has already been covered in another article [click here]. We will just talk about the corresponding MATLAB codes here.


MATLAB Code for Rank and Condition Number of a Channel Matrix



 In the above code, it processes the rank and condition number for the channel matrix,

H = [0 0 1; 0 1 0; 0 2 0];

Output

Rank of the Channel Matrix = 2

Therefore, only two simultaneous data streams can be operational at once between this 3X3 MIMO systems. For the sake of a short illustration, we also assumed the channel matrix element values.

Before running this code, it is always preferable to generate the channel matrix, which is usually a complex matrix. Then load the "H.mat" file or channel matrix file as shown in the code above.



Contact Us

Name

Email *

Message *

Popular Posts

FFT Butterfly Method Explained (with Simulations)

4-Point FFT Using Butterfly Method Given: x[n] = {0, 1, 2, 3} Step 1: Split into Even & Odd Even indices: x e = {x[0], x[2]} = {0, 2} Odd indices: x o = {x[1], x[3]} = {1, 3} Step 2: 2-point DFT For any {a, b}: DFT = {a + b, a - b} Even Part (E): {0+2, 0-2} = {2, -2} Odd Part (O): {1+3, 1-3} = {4, -2} Step 3: Combine Using Butterfly X[k] = E[k] + W 4 k O[k] X[k + 2] = E[k] - W 4 k O[k] Twiddle Factors (N=4): W 4 0 = 1, W 4 1 = -j Final Calculations: X[0] = E[0] + W 4 0 O[0] = 2 + (1)(4) = 6 X[2] = E[0] - W 4 0 O[0] = 2 - (1)(4) = -2 X[1] = E[1] + W 4 1 O[1] = -2 + (-j)(-2) = -2 + 2j X[3] = E[1] - W 4 1 O[1] = -2 - (-j)(-2) = -2 - 2j Final Answer: X[k] = {6, -2 + 2j, -2, -2 - 2j} 8-Point FFT Using Butterfly Method Given: x[n] = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Step 1: Split into Bit-Reversed Order To perform DIT-FFT, split the 8 points into pairs of two: Group A: {x[0], x[4]} = {0, 4}...

MATLAB Code for BER performance of QPSK with BPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, etc

📘 Overview 🧮 MATLAB Codes 🧮 Online Simulator for Calculating BER of M-ary PSK and QAM 🧮 QPSK vs BPSK and QAM: A Comparison of Modulation Schemes in Wireless Communication 🧮 Are QPSK and 4-PSK same? 📚 Further Reading   QPSK offers double the data rate of BPSK while maintaining a similar bit error rate at low SNR when Gray coding is used. It shares spectral efficiency with 4-QAM and can outperform 4-QAM or 16-QAM in very noisy channels. QPSK is widely used in practical wireless systems, often alongside QAM in adaptive modulation schemes [Read more...] What is the Gray Code? Gray Code: Gray code is a binary numeral system where two successive values differ in only one bit. This property is called the single-bit difference or unit distance code. It is also known as reflected binary code. Let's convert binary 111 to Gray code: Binary bits: B = 1 1 1 Apply the rule: G[0] = B[0] = 1...

MATLAB Code for QPSK Modulation and Demodulation

📘 Overview 🧮 MATLAB Codes 🧮 Theory 🧮 BER performance of QPSK with BPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, etc 📚 Further Reading QPSK Passband Signal Generation Spectral Efficiency in QPSK   Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys two bits per symbol by changing the phase of the carrier signal. Each pair of bits is mapped to one of four possible phase shifts: 0°, 90°, 180°, or 270° 00  ===> 0 degree phase shift of carrier signal 01  ===> 90 degree 11  ===> 180 degree 10  ===> 270 degree   MATLAB Script clc; clear all; close all; clc; M = 4; data = randi([0 (M-1)], 1000, 1); Phase = 0; modData=pskmod(data,M,Phase); figure(1); scatterplot(modData); channelAWGN = 15; rxData2 = awgn(modData, channelAWGN); figure(2); scatterplot(rxData2); demodData = pskdemod(rxData2,M,Phase);   Result data 1 0 2 2 0 2 1 . . . modData -1.0...

Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation

📘 Overview & Theory of Pulse Amplitude Moduation (PAM) 🧮 Pulse Amplitude Demoduation 🧮 MATLAB Code for PAM 📚 Further Reading 📂 Other Topics on Pulse Amplitude Modulation ... 🧮 Simulation results for comparison of PAM, PWM, PPM, DM, and PCM 🧮 Other Pulse Modulation Techniques (e.g., PWM, PPM, DM, and PCM) 🧮 MATLAB Code for Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation of an Analog Signal (2) 🧮 MATLAB Code for Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation of Digital data  Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) Sampling allow us to represent real world continuous signal, such as audio or video, in a format suitable for digital processing and storage. This sampled discrete-time signal is inherently digital. A digital signal is a discrete-time signal that is further quantized in amplitude. Pulse Amplitude modulation (PAM) is the modulation technique in which amplitude of carrier pulses is...

UGC NET Electronic Science Previous Year Question Papers with Solutions

Home / Engineering & Other Exams / UGC NET 2026 PYQ ⬇️ Download Papers and Solutions 📋 Exam Pattern 💡 Preparation Tips ❓ FAQs 📊 Exam Highlights: Electronic Science (88) Feature Details Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) ₹37,000 + HRA per month Eligibility M.Sc/M.Tech in Electronics (55%) Validity of Certificate JRF (3 Years) | Lectureship (Lifetime) 📥 Download UGC NET Electronics PDFs Complete collection of previous year question papers, answer keys and explanations for Subject Code 88. Start Downloading 📂 View All Question Papers June 2025 - Question Paper Download PDF June 2025 - Solved Paper + Explanation ...

Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK Signal Generation

Interactive Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Tutorial and Simulator for ASK, FSK, and BPSK modulation techniques. Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator!   •   Interactive ASK, FSK, and BPSK tools updated for 2025. Start Now Digital Modulation Visualizer: ASK, FSK, & BPSK Simulator Learn and visualize binary modulation techniques (ASK, FSK, BPSK) in real-time with adjustable carrier and sampling parameters. Perfect for DSP students and engineers. 📡 ASK Simulator 📶 FSK Simulator 🎚️ BPSK Simulator 📚 More Topics ASK Modulator FSK Modulator BPSK Modulator More Topics 1. ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) Simulat...

BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...(MATLAB Code + Simulator)

Bit Error Rate (BER) & SNR Guide Analyze communication system performance with our interactive simulators and MATLAB tools. 📘 Theory 🧮 Simulators 💻 MATLAB Code 📚 Resources BER Definition SNR Formula BER Calculator MATLAB Comparison 📂 Explore M-ary QAM, PSK, and QPSK Topics ▼ 🧮 Constellation Simulator: M-ary QAM 🧮 Constellation Simulator: M-ary PSK 🧮 BER calculation for ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Approaches to BER vs SNR Calculation What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The BER indicates how many corrupted bits are received compared to the total number of bits sent. It is the primary figur...

OFDM Symbols and Subcarriers Explained

This article explains how OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) symbols and subcarriers work. It covers modulation, mapping symbols to subcarriers, subcarrier frequency spacing, IFFT synthesis, cyclic prefix, and transmission. Step 1: Modulation First, modulate the input bitstream. For example, with 16-QAM , each group of 4 bits maps to one QAM symbol. Suppose we generate a sequence of QAM symbols: s0, s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, …, s63 Step 2: Mapping Symbols to Subcarriers Assume N sub = 8 subcarriers. Each OFDM symbol in the frequency domain contains 8 QAM symbols (one per subcarrier): Mapping (example) OFDM symbol 1 → s0, s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6, s7 OFDM symbol 2 → s8, s9, s10, s11, s12, s13, s14, s15 … OFDM sym...