Skip to main content
Home Wireless Communication Modulation MATLAB Beamforming Project Ideas MIMO Computer Networks Lab 🚀

5G: Spectral Bands, Speed, and Other Factors



Lower carrier frequencies (< 6 GHz) are unable reliable signal propagation for 5G. However, only limited spectral bands are available in the sub-6 GHz spectrum. Only those frequencies are inadequate to meet the relentless increase in data rates in 5G wireless networks. So, what is the solution here? Exploration of the unused, high-frequency mm-wave band could be a good choice, ranging from 6 to 300 GHz. 
Mm-wave standards are already defined for indoor wireless personal area networks (WPAN) - IEEE 802.15.3c and wireless local area networks (WLAN) - IEEE 802.11.ad.


Which countries have 5G now, and what frequency bands are they using?

5G is now available in many countries. China and the United States are at the top of the list. Brand new 5G technology benefits approximately 356 cities in China and approximately 296 cities in the United States. Other countries that have already implemented 5G include the Philippines, South Korea, Canada, Spain, Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, and others.

In general, 5G currently employs three types of frequency bands. The first is frequency of less than 6 GHz or Sub-6 GHz band. Other frequency bands are in the millimeter wave range. It will also use low 5G bands, such as 600 MHz00 MHz, to improve coverage, particularly in rural areas.

For 5G communication, China, for example, uses frequencies ranging from 600 MHz to 4700 MHz. The frequencies in the United States range from 600 MHz to 4200 MHz. These bands are intended for end-user use. You may have heard that telecom companies also purchase high remedy frequency (i.e., millimeter wave) spectrum for 5G deployment. However, those extremely high frequencies are appropriate for 5G backhaul connections.

The current 5G frequency bands can be classified into three categories.

The Low Band (Usually ranges from 600 to 900 MHz, and they are suitable for rural deployment of 5G where signals need to traverse long distances from cell towers)
The Middle Band (Frequency ranges from 1 to 7 GHz)
The High Band (These are millimeter wave bands. They range from 24 to 48 GHz)


Current Speed of 5G:

The average 5G speed is 100 Mbps, which means that 5G users will receive 100 megabits per second. Depending on the coverage, number of users available per channel (5G communication channel), and other factors, the pick data throughput rate can range from 1 Gbps to 10 Gbps.

Recently, it was claimed that a 5G network could achieve 5 Gbps throughput using a 28 GHz band and 800 MHz bandwidth with carrier aggregation.


Millimeter wave applications in 5G:

We know that companies own millimeter wave spectrums in 5G auctions. In fact, we want to use such extremely high-frequency bands for ultra-high data rates and ultra-low latency in 5G deployment. These are critical for any network to lead automation in various sectors such as industry (machine-to-machine communication, for example), telemedicine, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and so on.

However, those mm-wave bands are appropriate for backhaul connections in which two high 5G towers communicate via LOan S (line of sight) path and deliver very high data rates from large cell towers to nearby small cell towers or access points (APs). End users can connect to the internet via a nearby cell tower.


Also, Read About
[1] 5G Theoretical Aspects | Frequency and Spectrum, Speed, Massive MIMO & OFDM
# News about 5G

People are good at skipping over material they already know!

View Related Topics to







Admin & Author: Salim

profile

  Website: www.salimwireless.com
  Interests: Signal Processing, Telecommunication, 5G Technology, Present & Future Wireless Technologies, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Networks, Millimeter Wave Band Channel, Web Development
  Seeking an opportunity in the Teaching or Electronics & Telecommunication domains.
  Possess M.Tech in Electronic Communication Systems.


Contact Us

Name

Email *

Message *

Popular Posts

BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...

Modulation Constellation Diagrams BER vs. SNR BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ... 1. What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for bit error rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. It is defined as,  In mathematics, BER = (number of bits received in error / total number of transmitted bits)  On the other hand, SNR refers to the signal-to-noise power ratio. For ease of calculation, we commonly convert it to dB or decibels.   2. What is Signal the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)? SNR = signal power/noise power (SNR is a ratio of signal power to noise power) SNR (in dB) = 10*log(signal power / noise power) [base 10] For instance, the SNR for a given communication system is 3dB. So, SNR (in ratio) = 10^{SNR (in dB) / 10} = 2 Therefore, in this instance, the signal power i

Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK | And the definitions of each

Modulation ASK, FSK & PSK Constellation MATLAB Simulink MATLAB Code Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK    Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK Comparison among ASK,  FSK, and PSK Performance Comparison: 1. Noise Sensitivity:    - ASK is the most sensitive to noise due to its reliance on amplitude variations.    - PSK is less sensitive to noise compared to ASK.    - FSK is relatively more robust against noise, making it suitable for noisy environments. 2. Bandwidth Efficiency:    - PSK is the most bandwidth-efficient, requiring less bandwidth than FSK for the same data rate.    - FSK requires wider bandwidth compared to PSK.    - ASK's bandwidth efficiency lies between FSK and PSK. Bandwidth Calculator for ASK, FSK, and PSK The baud rate represents the number of symbols transmitted per second Select Modulation Type: ASK FSK PSK Baud Rate (Hz):

MATLAB code for BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ...

Modulation Constellation Diagrams BER vs. SNR MATLAB code for BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ...   MATLAB Script for  BER vs. SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK %Written by Salim Wireless %Visit www.salimwireless.com for study materials on wireless communication %or, if you want to learn how to code in MATLAB clc; clear; close all; % Parameters num_symbols = 1e5; % Number of symbols snr_db = -20:2:20; % Range of SNR values in dB % PSK orders to be tested psk_orders = [2, 4, 8, 16, 32]; % QAM orders to be tested qam_orders = [4, 16, 64, 256]; % Initialize BER arrays ber_psk_results = zeros(length(psk_orders), length(snr_db)); ber_qam_results = zeros(length(qam_orders), length(snr_db)); % BER calculation for each PSK order and SNR value for i = 1:length(psk_orders) psk_order = psk_orders(i); for j = 1:length(snr_db) % Generate random symbols data_symbols = randi([0, psk_order-1]

FFT Magnitude and Phase Spectrum using MATLAB

MATLAB Code clc; clear; close all; % Parameters fs = 100;           % Sampling frequency t = 0:1/fs:1-1/fs;  % Time vector % Signal definition x = cos(2*pi*15*t - pi/4) - sin(2*pi*40*t); % Compute Fourier Transform y = fft(x); z = fftshift(y); % Frequency vector ly = length(y); f = (-ly/2:ly/2-1)/ly*fs; % Compute phase phase = angle(z); % Plot magnitude of the Fourier Transform figure; subplot(2, 1, 1); stem(f, abs(z), 'b'); xlabel('Frequency (Hz)'); ylabel('|y|'); title('Magnitude of Fourier Transform'); grid on; % Plot phase of the Fourier Transform subplot(2, 1, 2); stem(f, phase, 'b'); xlabel('Frequency (Hz)'); ylabel('Phase (radians)'); title('Phase of Fourier Transform'); grid on;   Output  Copy the MATLAB Code from here % The code is written by SalimWireless.Com clc; clear; close all; % Parameters fs = 100; % Sampling frequency t = 0:1/fs:1-1/fs; % Time vector % Signal definition x = cos(2*pi*15*t -

Difference between AWGN and Rayleigh Fading

Wireless Signal Processing Gaussian and Rayleigh Distribution Difference between AWGN and Rayleigh Fading 1. Introduction Rayleigh fading coefficients and AWGN, or additive white gaussian noise [↗] , are two distinct factors that affect a wireless communication channel. In mathematics, we can express it in that way.  Let's explore wireless communication under two common noise scenarios: AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) and Rayleigh fading. y = hx + n ... (i) The transmitted signal  x  is multiplied by the channel coefficient or channel impulse response (h)  in the equation above, and the symbol  "n"  stands for the white Gaussian noise that is added to the signal through any type of channel (here, it is a wireless channel or wireless medium). Due to multi-paths the channel impulse response (h) changes. And multi-paths cause Rayleigh fading. 2. Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) The mathematical effect involves adding Gauss

Channel Impulse Response (CIR)

Channel Impulse Response (CIR) Wireless Signal Processing CIR, Doppler Shift & Gaussian Random Variable  The Channel Impulse Response (CIR) is a concept primarily used in the field of telecommunications and signal processing. It provides information about how a communication channel responds to an impulse signal.   What is the Channel Impulse Response (CIR) ? It describes the behavior of a communication channel in response to an impulse signal. In signal processing,  an impulse signal has zero amplitude at all other times and amplitude  ∞ at time 0 for the signal. Using a Dirac Delta function, we can approximate this.  ...(i) δ( t) now has a very intriguing characteristic. The answer is 1 when the Fourier Transform of  δ( t) is calculated. As a result, all frequencies are responded to equally by  δ (t). This is crucial since we never know which frequencies a system will affect when examining an unidentified one. Since it can test the system for all freq

Simulation of ASK, FSK, and PSK using MATLAB Simulink

ASK, FSK & PSK HomePage MATLAB Simulation Simulation of Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) using MATLAB Simulink      In Simulink, we pick different components/elements from MATLAB Simulink Library. Then we connect the components and perform a particular operation.  Result A sine wave source, a pulse generator, a product block, a mux, and a scope are shown in the diagram above. The pulse generator generates the '1' and '0' bit sequences. Sine wave sources produce a specific amplitude and frequency. The scope displays the modulated signal as well as the original bit sequence created by the pulse generator. Mux is a tool for displaying both modulated and unmodulated signals at the same time. The result section shows that binary '1' is modulated by a certain sine wave amplitude of 1 Volt, and binary '0' is modulated by zero amplitude. Simulation of Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) using MATLAB Simulink   Result The diagram above shows t