Skip to main content

Standalone (SA) and non-Standalone (non-SA) Networks in 5G


 

We know 5G networks in deploying all over the world gradually. Now great challenge to engineers and scientists is to replace existing 4G network to 5G network. But the process is time consuming and costly (not economic). That's why it takes a decade to bring completely new 'G' (generation) in telecom industry. If we want to deploy new generation suddenly then it will not be economic. One of the many reason is customers will not be suddenly change their smartphones that supports the previous 'G' (say 4G LTE). If we suddenly deploy complete 5G networks then telecom operators will not get enough customers. That will badly impact their business model. So, it is required nearly a decade to deploy a new mobile wireless generation. 

5G is not exception of that. Nowadays, we are enabling 5G facility with the help of existing 4G networks. Obviously, their will be added some new features of 5G. For that, we have to integrate some new equipment to the existing 4G networks. When 5G is operated with the help of existing previous networks (i.e., existing 4G networks) then it is called non standalone (non-SA) 5G network. Oppositely, when 5G is deployed completely as a new network and without the help of previously existing network then it is called standalone (SA) network.   



People are good at skipping over material they already know!

View Related Topics to







Contact Us

Name

Email *

Message *

Popular Posts

BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...(MATLAB Code + Simulator)

📘 Overview of BER and SNR 🧮 Online Simulator for BER calculation 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation 📚 Further Reading 📂 View Other Topics on M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK ... 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary QAM 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of Alamouti Scheme 🧮 Different approaches to calculate BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for Bit Error Rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received compared to the total number of bits sent. BER = (number of bits received in error) / (total number of transmitted bits) What is Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)? SNR is the ratio of signal power to noise powe...

Comparing Baseband and Passband Implementations of m-ary QAM

  Let's assume your original digital message bitstream is: 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 In 4-QAM, we group them into pairs: (00), (10), (00), (10), (11). Your baseband symbols are: Symbol 1 (Bits 00): -1.00 - j1.00 Symbol 2 (Bits 10): 1.00 - j1.00 Symbol 3 (Bits 00): -1.00 - j1.00 Symbol 4 (Bits 10): 1.00 - j1.00 Symbol 5 (Bits 11): 1.00 + j1.00   To transmit these symbols over a wireless medium, we modulate this baseband signal onto a high-frequency carrier (e.g., 50 Hz). This process creates the passband signal , where the information is stored in the phase and amplitude of the sine wave. Fig 1: 4-QAM Baseband I and Q Components Fig 2: 4-QAM Passband Modulated Signal   In this example, the symbol rate is 5 symbols per second. Detailed Explanation 4-QAM Constellation Mapping In standard 4-QAM mapping, bits are converted to complex points on a grid: Bits...

Comparing Baseband and Passband Implementations of ASK, FSK, and PSK

📘 Overview 🧮 Baseband and Passband Implementations of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Difference betwen baseband and passband 📚 Further Reading 📂 Other Topics on Baseband and Passband ... 🧮 Baseband modulation techniques 🧮 Passband modulation techniques   Baseband modulation techniques are methods used to encode information signals onto a baseband signal (a signal with frequencies close to zero). Passband techniques shift these signals to higher carrier frequencies for transmission. Here are the common implementations: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) [↗] : In ASK, the amplitude of the signal is varied to represent different symbols. Binary ASK (BASK) is a common implementation where two different amplitudes represent binary values (0 and 1). ASK is simple but susceptible to noise. ASK Baseband (Digital Bits) ASK Passband (Modulated Carrier)     Fig 1:  ASK Passband Modulation (...

Shannon Limit Explained: Negative SNR, Eb/No and Channel Capacity

Understanding Negative SNR and the Shannon Limit Understanding Negative SNR and the Shannon Limit An explanation of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), its behavior in decibels, and how Shannon's theorem defines the ultimate communication limit. Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Shannon’s Equation In Shannon's equation, the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is defined as the signal power divided by the noise power: SNR = S / N Since both signal power and noise power are physical quantities, neither can be negative. Therefore, the SNR itself is always a positive number. However, engineers often express SNR in decibels: SNR(dB) When SNR = 1, the logarithmic value becomes: SNR(dB) = 0 When the noise power exceeds the signal power (SNR < 1), the decibel representation becomes negative. Behavior of Shannon's Capacity Equation Shannon’s channel capacity formula is: C = B log₂(1 + SNR) For SNR = 0: log₂(1 + SNR) = 0 When SNR becomes smaller (in...

Amplitude, Frequency, and Phase Modulation Techniques (AM, FM, and PM)

📘 Overview 🧮 Amplitude Modulation (AM) 🧮 Online Amplitude Modulation Simulator 🧮 MATLAB Code for AM 🧮 Q & A and Summary 📚 Further Reading Amplitude Modulation (AM): The carrier signal's amplitude varies linearly with the amplitude of the message signal. An AM wave may thus be described, in the most general form, as a function of time as follows: When performing amplitude modulation (AM) with a carrier frequency of 100 Hz and a message frequency of 10 Hz, the resulting peak frequencies are as follows: 90 Hz (100 - 10 Hz), 100 Hz, and 110 Hz (100 + 10 Hz). Figure: Frequency Spectrums of AM Signal (Lower Sideband, Carrier, and Upper Sideband) A low-frequency message signal is modulated with a high-frequency carrier wave using a local oscillator to make communication possible. DSB, SSB, and VSB are common amplitude modulation techniques. We find a lot of bandwidth loss in DSB. The bandwidth of S...

Analog vs Digital Modulation Techniques | Advantages of Digital ...

Modulation Techniques Analog vs Digital Modulation In our previous discussion, we explored the necessity of modulation. In this article, we focus on the fundamental differences between analog and digital modulation. The primary distinction is that digital modulation uses a discrete digital signal to modify the carrier, whereas analog modulation uses a continuous analog signal. Advantages of Digital Modulation over Analog Modulation Bandwidth Efficiency: Digital techniques (like QAM) can transmit more data within a limited frequency range. Noise Resistance: Digital signals have superior resistance to noise because they can be perfectly regenerated. Multiplexing: It is much easier to multiplex various data types (audio, video, text) into a single digital stream. Higher SNR: Better noise immunity leads to a higher Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). Increased Throughput: Modern digital techniques provide significantly higher data ...

ASK, FSK, and PSK (with MATLAB + Online Simulator)

📘 Overview 📘 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 📘 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 📘 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 📘 Which of the modulation techniques—ASK, FSK, or PSK—can achieve higher bit rates? 🧮 MATLAB Codes 📘 Simulator for binary ASK, FSK, and PSK Modulation 📚 Further Reading ASK or OFF ON Keying ASK is a simple (less complex) Digital Modulation Scheme where we vary the modulation signal's amplitude or voltage by the message signal's amplitude or voltage. We select two levels (two different voltage levels) for transmitting modulated message signals. For example, "+5 Volt" (upper level) and "0 Volt" (lower level). To transmit binary bit "1", the transmitter sends "+5 Volts", and for bit "0", it sends no power. The receiver uses filters to detect whether a binary "1" or "0" was transmitted. ...

Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK

Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator!   Start Simulator for binary ASK Modulation Message Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Carrier Frequency (Hz) Sampling Frequency (Hz) Run Simulation Simulator for binary FSK Modulation Input Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Freq for '1' (Hz) Freq for '0' (Hz) Sampling Rate (Hz) Visualize FSK Signal Simulator for BPSK Modulation ...