Skip to main content

Standalone (SA) and non-Standalone (non-SA) Networks in 5G


 

We know 5G networks in deploying all over the world gradually. Now great challenge to engineers and scientists is to replace existing 4G network to 5G network. But the process is time consuming and costly (not economic). That's why it takes a decade to bring completely new 'G' (generation) in telecom industry. If we want to deploy new generation suddenly then it will not be economic. One of the many reason is customers will not be suddenly change their smartphones that supports the previous 'G' (say 4G LTE). If we suddenly deploy complete 5G networks then telecom operators will not get enough customers. That will badly impact their business model. So, it is required nearly a decade to deploy a new mobile wireless generation. 

5G is not exception of that. Nowadays, we are enabling 5G facility with the help of existing 4G networks. Obviously, their will be added some new features of 5G. For that, we have to integrate some new equipment to the existing 4G networks. When 5G is operated with the help of existing previous networks (i.e., existing 4G networks) then it is called non standalone (non-SA) 5G network. Oppositely, when 5G is deployed completely as a new network and without the help of previously existing network then it is called standalone (SA) network.   



People are good at skipping over material they already know!

View Related Topics to







Contact Us

Name

Email *

Message *

Popular Posts

BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...(MATLAB Code + Simulator)

Bit Error Rate (BER) & SNR Guide Analyze communication system performance with our interactive simulators and MATLAB tools. 📘 Theory 🧮 Simulators 💻 MATLAB Code 📚 Resources BER Definition SNR Formula BER Calculator MATLAB Comparison 📂 Explore M-ary QAM, PSK, and QPSK Topics ▼ 🧮 Constellation Simulator: M-ary QAM 🧮 Constellation Simulator: M-ary PSK 🧮 BER calculation for ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Approaches to BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The BER indicates how many corrupted bits are received compared to the total number of bits sent. It is the primary figure of merit for a...

Simulation of ASK, FSK, and PSK using MATLAB Simulink (with Online Simulator)

📘 Overview 🧮 How to use MATLAB Simulink 🧮 Simulation of ASK using MATLAB Simulink 🧮 Simulation of FSK using MATLAB Simulink 🧮 Simulation of PSK using MATLAB Simulink 🧮 Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 Digital Signal Processing Simulator 📚 Further Reading ASK, FSK & PSK HomePage MATLAB Simulation Simulation of Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) using MATLAB Simulink In Simulink, we pick different components/elements from MATLAB Simulink Library. Then we connect the components and perform a particular operation. Result A sine wave source, a pulse generator, a product block, a mux, and a scope are shown in the diagram above. The pulse generator generates the '1' and '0' bit sequences. Sine wave sources produce a specific amplitude and frequency. The scope displays the modulated signal as well as the original bit sequence created by the pulse generator. Mux i...

Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK (with MATLAB Code + Simulator)

Constellation Diagrams: ASK, FSK, and PSK Comprehensive guide to signal space representation, including interactive simulators and MATLAB implementations. 📘 Overview 🧮 Simulator ⚖️ Theory 📚 Resources Definitions Constellation Tool Key Points MATLAB Code 📂 Other Topics: M-ary PSK & QAM Diagrams ▼ 🧮 Simulator for M-ary PSK Constellation 🧮 Simulator for M-ary QAM Constellation BASK (Binary ASK) Modulation Transmits one of two signals: 0 or -√Eb, where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1. BFSK (Binary FSK) Modulation Transmits one ...

Antenna Gain-Combining Methods - EGC, MRC, SC, and RMSGC

📘 Overview 🧮 Equal gain combining (EGC) 🧮 Maximum ratio combining (MRC) 🧮 Selective combining (SC) 🧮 Root mean square gain combining (RMSGC) 🧮 Zero-Forcing (ZF) Combining 🧮 MATLAB Code 📚 Further Reading  There are different antenna gain-combining methods. They are as follows. 1. Equal gain combining (EGC) 2. Maximum ratio combining (MRC) 3. Selective combining (SC) 4. Root mean square gain combining (RMSGC) 5. Zero-Forcing (ZF) Combining  1. Equal gain combining method Equal Gain Combining (EGC) is a diversity combining technique in which the receiver aligns the phase of the received signals from multiple antennas (or channels) but gives them equal amplitude weight before summing. This means each received signal is phase-corrected to be coherent with others, but no scaling is applied based on signal strength or channel quality (unlike MRC). Mathematically, for received signa...

Coherence Bandwidth and Coherence Time (with MATLAB + Simulator)

🧮 Coherence Bandwidth 🧮 Coherence Time 🧮 MATLAB Code s 📚 Further Reading For Doppler Delay or Multi-path Delay Coherence time T coh ∝ 1 / v max (For slow fading, coherence time T coh is greater than the signaling interval.) Coherence bandwidth W coh ∝ 1 / Ï„ max (For frequency-flat fading, coherence bandwidth W coh is greater than the signaling bandwidth.) Where: T coh = coherence time W coh = coherence bandwidth v max = maximum Doppler frequency (or maximum Doppler shift) Ï„ max = maximum excess delay (maximum time delay spread) Notes: The notation v max −1 and Ï„ max −1 indicate inverse proportionality. Doppler spread refers to the range of frequency shifts caused by relative motion, determining T coh . Delay spread (or multipath delay spread) determines W coh . Frequency-flat fading occurs when W coh is greater than the signaling bandwidth. Coherence Bandwidth Coherence bandwidth is...

Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK

Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator!   •   Interactive ASK, FSK, and BPSK tools updated for 2025. Start Now Interactive Modulation Simulators Visualize binary modulation techniques (ASK, FSK, BPSK) in real-time with adjustable carrier and sampling parameters. 📡 ASK Simulator 📶 FSK Simulator 🎚️ BPSK Simulator 📚 More Topics ASK Modulator FSK Modulator BPSK Modulator More Topics Simulator for Binary ASK Modulation Digital Message Bits Carrier Freq (Hz) Sampling Rate (...

ASK, FSK, and PSK (with MATLAB + Online Simulator)

📘 ASK Theory 📘 FSK Theory 📘 PSK Theory 📊 Comparison 🧮 MATLAB Codes 🎮 Simulator ASK or OFF ON Keying ASK is a simple (less complex) Digital Modulation Scheme where we vary the modulation signal's amplitude or voltage by the message signal's amplitude or voltage. We select two levels (two different voltage levels) for transmitting modulated message signals. Example: "+5 Volt" (upper level) and "0 Volt" (lower level). To transmit binary bit "1", the transmitter sends "+5 Volts", and for bit "0", it sends no power. The receiver uses filters to detect whether a binary "1" or "0" was transmitted. Fig 1: Output of ASK, FSK, and PSK modulation using MATLAB for a data stream "1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0" ( Get MATLAB Code ) ...