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BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...(MATLAB Code + Simulator)

Bit Error Rate (BER) & SNR Guide Analyze communication system performance with our interactive simulators and MATLAB tools. ๐Ÿ“˜ Theory ๐Ÿงฎ Simulators ๐Ÿ’ป MATLAB Code ๐Ÿ“š Resources BER Definition SNR Formula BER Calculator MATLAB Comparison ๐Ÿ“‚ Explore M-ary QAM, PSK, and QPSK Topics ▼ ๐Ÿงฎ Constellation Simulator: M-ary QAM ๐Ÿงฎ Constellation Simulator: M-ary PSK ๐Ÿงฎ BER calculation for ASK, FSK, and PSK ๐Ÿงฎ Approaches to BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The BER indicates how many corrupted bits are received compared to the total number of bits sent. It is the primary figure of merit for a...
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Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK

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Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK (with MATLAB Code + Simulator)

Constellation Diagrams: ASK, FSK, and PSK Comprehensive guide to signal space representation, including interactive simulators and MATLAB implementations. ๐Ÿ“˜ Overview ๐Ÿงฎ Simulator ⚖️ Theory ๐Ÿ“š Resources Definitions Constellation Tool Key Points MATLAB Code ๐Ÿ“‚ Other Topics: M-ary PSK & QAM Diagrams ▼ ๐Ÿงฎ Simulator for M-ary PSK Constellation ๐Ÿงฎ Simulator for M-ary QAM Constellation BASK (Binary ASK) Modulation Transmits one of two signals: 0 or -√Eb, where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1. BFSK (Binary FSK) Modulation Transmits one ...
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Online Simulator for Frequency Modulatiuon

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UGC NET Electronic Science Previous Year Question Papers

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Sky Wave, Microwave Link Communication and Satellite Communication (SATCOM)

Overview Sky Wave, Microwave Link Communication, and Satellite Communication  (SATCOM) are the focus of this article. Sky Waves are essentially AM waves that the ionosphere reflects. For long-distance communication on Earth, we employ standard microwave link transmission. However, we all know that the earth is not flat, but rather oval in shape. As a result, the signal can only reach a few kilometers on a straight line of sight path (LOS). The signal is then reflected by the earth's surface. But we know that with that microwave link, we can communicate hundreds of kilometers distance. We'll look at how this happens in this article. Terrestrial satellite communication has now replaced microwave relay link communication. Figure: Ionosphere Reflection - suitable for AM band (Sky Wave) 1. Sky Wave You can see how the ionosphere bounces the radio signal and enables the ground station to communicate with the transmitter hundreds of kilometers away. This method is ideal for communica...
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Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK (with MATLAB + Simulator)

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Time / Frequency Separation for Orthogonality

Derivation of Frequency Separation for Orthogonality Step 1: Define BFSK Signals s₁(t) = √(2E b /T) cos(2ฯ€f₁t) s₂(t) = √(2E b /T) cos(2ฯ€f₂t) Defined over: 0 ≤ t ≤ T For orthogonality: ∫₀แต€ s₁(t)s₂(t) dt = 0 Step 2: Remove Constants ∫₀แต€ cos(2ฯ€f₁t) cos(2ฯ€f₂t) dt = 0 Step 3: Use Trigonometric Identity cos A cos B = ½ [ cos(A − B) + cos(A + B) ] Applying identity: ½ ∫₀แต€ [ cos(2ฯ€(f₁ − f₂)t) + cos(2ฯ€(f₁ + f₂)t) ] dt Step 4: Focus on Frequency Difference The second term integrates to zero for high carrier frequencies. ∫₀แต€ cos(2ฯ€ฮ”f t) dt ...
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