Skip to main content

Beamforming in 5G, Wi-Fi, and Others | Implementation



Implementation of Beamforming Technique in Wireless Communication and  Future work


Beamforming is a technique for sending a signal further away from the receiver without raising the transmitter's transmission power. Beamforming is employed everywhere that we want to transmit our signal to a long-distance receiver, from radar communication to deep-space communication. In the instance of deep space communication, we use a laser beam to send our signal millions of miles away.

An omnidirectional antenna radiates its power uniformly around the antenna. 0 dBi is the gain of an omnidirectional isotropic antenna. However, we acquire better gain with directional antennas than with omnidirectional antennas. It also can send a signal in a specific direction with greater power and across a greater distance.

If we achieve the directional antenna gain of 6dB for a standard directional antenna system, the signal will travel twice the distance covered without beamforming.



Applications of Beamforming in Wireless Communication


In WLAN Applications

Beamforming is a technique used in Wi-Fi technology, particularly in routers. MIMO technology is also used to provide users with numerous communication channels or to allow several users to connect to the internet from the same router.

In Ground Stations

Beamforming is important in satellite communication, deep space communication, and other applications. We can't fathom delivering a radio signal thousands of miles away from a ground station on Earth without sending a powerful narrow beam. The direction of the beam is also crucial in this case. For example, big parabolic antennas capable of producing a stronger, narrower beam are used in ground stations to connect with satellites or aircraft.


In Modern Cellular 5G Networks  

We use incredibly high-frequency hands in 5G, as you know. Signal power loss in free space communication is inversely proportional to the operational frequency band. In the case of 5G path loss, the atmospheric loss is also included. Oxygen, vapor, and other molecules in the atmosphere easily absorb extremely high-frequency bands. As a result, beamforming is required to focus signal at a 5G user's device so that data packets can be received with good signal strength. Due to inadequate signal strength, we will be unable to connect devices to cell towers or access points if beamforming is not used in 5G communication. Beamforming, on the other hand, is well suited to energy harvesting. When communication is required, it only focuses beams toward the desired user's device.

Beamforming is a critical technique for enabling 5G. As a result, various studies on beamforming in 5G have been conducted, particularly on massive MIMO, which is capable of producing narrower beams. Massive MIMO provides a narrower or finer beam immediately adjacent to the antenna elements. Because beamforming is nothing more than the result of several antennas transmitting the same signal. Where the signal amplitude is also a resultant value and the beam is focused in the resultant phase direction of all signals.



People are good at skipping over material they already know!

View Related Topics to







Contact Us

Name

Email *

Message *

Popular Posts

BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...(MATLAB Code + Simulator)

📘 Overview of BER and SNR 🧮 Online Simulator for BER calculation of m-ary QAM and m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ... 📚 Further Reading 📂 View Other Topics on M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK ... 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary QAM 🧮 Online Simulator for Constellation Diagram of m-ary PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of ASK, FSK, and PSK 🧮 MATLAB Code for BER calculation of Alamouti Scheme 🧮 Different approaches to calculate BER vs SNR What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for Bit Error Rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. BER = (number of bits received in error) / (total number of tran...
Read more

Theoretical BER vs SNR for binary ASK, FSK, and PSK with MATLAB Code + Simulator

📘 Overview & Theory 🧮 MATLAB Codes 📚 Further Reading Theoretical BER vs SNR for Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) The theoretical Bit Error Rate (BER) for binary ASK depends on how binary bits are mapped to signal amplitudes. For typical cases: If bits are mapped to 1 and -1, the BER is: BER = Q(√(2 × SNR)) If bits are mapped to 0 and 1, the BER becomes: BER = Q(√(SNR / 2)) Where: Q(x) is the Q-function: Q(x) = 0.5 × erfc(x / √2) SNR : Signal-to-Noise Ratio N₀ : Noise Power Spectral Density Understanding the Q-Function and BER for ASK Bit '0' transmits noise only Bit '1' transmits signal (1 + noise) Receiver decision threshold is 0.5 BER is given by: P b = Q(0.5 / σ) , where σ = √(N₀ / 2) Using SNR = (0.5)² / N₀, we get: BER = Q(√(SNR / 2)) Theoretical BER vs ...
Read more

BER performance of QPSK with BPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, etc (MATLAB + Simulator)

📘 Overview 📚 QPSK vs BPSK and QAM: A Comparison of Modulation Schemes in Wireless Communication 📚 Real-World Example 🧮 MATLAB Code 📚 Further Reading   QPSK provides twice the data rate compared to BPSK. However, the bit error rate (BER) is approximately the same as BPSK at low SNR values when gray coding is used. On the other hand, QPSK exhibits similar spectral efficiency to 4-QAM and 16-QAM under low SNR conditions. In very noisy channels, QPSK can sometimes achieve better spectral efficiency than 4-QAM or 16-QAM. In practical wireless communication scenarios, QPSK is commonly used along with QAM techniques, especially where adaptive modulation is applied. Modulation Bits/Symbol Points in Constellation Usage Notes BPSK 1 2 Very robust, used in weak signals QPSK 2 4 Balanced speed & reliability 4-QAM ...
Read more

Online Simulator for ASK, FSK, and PSK

Try our new Digital Signal Processing Simulator!   Start Simulator for binary ASK Modulation Message Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Carrier Frequency (Hz) Sampling Frequency (Hz) Run Simulation Simulator for binary FSK Modulation Input Bits (e.g. 1,0,1,0) Freq for '1' (Hz) Freq for '0' (Hz) Sampling Rate (Hz) Visualize FSK Signal Simulator for BPSK Modulation ...
Read more

How Windowing Affects Your Periodogram

The windowed periodogram is a widely used technique for estimating the Power Spectral Density (PSD) of a signal. It enhances the classical periodogram by mitigating spectral leakage through the application of a windowing function. This technique is essential in signal processing for accurate frequency-domain analysis.   Power Spectral Density (PSD) The PSD characterizes how the power of a signal is distributed across different frequency components. For a discrete-time signal, the PSD is defined as the Fourier Transform of the signal’s autocorrelation function: S x (f) = FT{R x (Ï„)} Here, R x (Ï„)}is the autocorrelation function. FT : Fourier Transform   Classical Periodogram The periodogram is a non-parametric PSD estimation method based on the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT): P x (f) = \(\frac{1}{N}\) X(f) 2 Here: X(f): DFT of the signal x(n) N: Signal length However, the classical periodogram suffers from spectral leakage due to abrupt truncation of the ...
Read more

MATLAB code for BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ...(with Online Simulator)

🧮 MATLAB Code for BPSK, M-ary PSK, and M-ary QAM Together 🧮 MATLAB Code for M-ary QAM 🧮 MATLAB Code for M-ary PSK 📚 Further Reading MATLAB Script for BER vs. SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSK, BPSK % Written by Salim Wireless clc; clear; close all; num_symbols = 1e5; snr_db = -20:2:20; psk_orders = [2, 4, 8, 16, 32]; qam_orders = [4, 16, 64, 256]; ber_psk_results = zeros(length(psk_orders), length(snr_db)); ber_qam_results = zeros(length(qam_orders), length(snr_db)); for i = 1:length(psk_orders) psk_order = psk_orders(i); for j = 1:length(snr_db) data_symbols = randi([0, psk_order-1], 1, num_symbols); modulated_signal = pskmod(data_symbols, psk_order, pi/psk_order); received_signal = awgn(modulated_signal, snr_db(j), 'measured'); demodulated_symbols = pskdemod(received_signal, psk_order, pi/psk_order); ber_psk_results(i, j) = sum(data_symbols ~= demodulated_symbols) / num_symbols; end end for i...
Read more

MATLAB Code for QPSK Modulation and Demodulation

📘 Overview 🧮 MATLAB Codes 🧮 Theory 🧮 BER performance of QPSK with BPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, etc 📚 Further Reading   Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys two bits per symbol by changing the phase of the carrier signal. Each pair of bits is mapped to one of four possible phase shifts: 0°, 90°, 180°, or 270° 00  ===> 0 degree phase shift of carrier signal 01  ===> 90 degree 11  ===> 180 degree 10  ===> 270 degree   MATLAB Script clc; clear all; close all; clc; M = 4; data = randi([0 (M-1)], 1000, 1); Phase = 0; modData=pskmod(data,M,Phase); figure(1); scatterplot(modData); channelAWGN = 15; rxData2 = awgn(modData, channelAWGN); figure(2); scatterplot(rxData2); demodData = pskdemod(rxData2,M,Phase);   Result data 1 0 2 2 0 2 1 . . . modData -1.00000000000000 + 1.22464679914735e-16i -1.83697019872103e-16 - 1.000000000000...
Read more

MATLAB code for Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) and Demodulation

📘 Overview & Theory 🧮 Quantization in Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 🧮 MATLAB Code for Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 🧮 MATLAB Code for Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation of Digital data 🧮 Other Pulse Modulation Techniques (e.g., PWM, PPM, DM, and PCM) 📚 Further Reading MATLAB Code for Pulse Code Modulation clc; close all; clear all; fm=input('Enter the message frequency (in Hz): '); fs=input('Enter the sampling frequency (in Hz): '); L=input('Enter the number of the quantization levels: '); n = log2(L); t=0:1/fs:1; % fs nuber of samples have tobe selected s=8*sin(2*pi*fm*t); subplot(3,1,1); t=0:1/(length(s)-1):1; plot(t,s); title('Analog Signal'); ylabel('Amplitude--->'); xlabel('Time--->'); subplot(3,1,2); stem(t,s);grid on; title('Sampled Sinal'); ylabel('Amplitude--->'); xlabel('Time--->'); % Quantization Process vmax=8; vmin=-vmax; %to quanti...
Read more