Skip to main content

Internet of Things (IoTs) : Definition & Its Applications


'Internet of Things' is abbreviated as IoT. For example, we can connect all sensors in a building (such as fire alarms and temperature sensors) and control them remotely from anywhere in the globe. We can, on the other hand, use it to create a smart city. In a logistic system, we may use it to cut down on unnecessary costs and keep things running smoothly.

We'll now discuss how to connect those gadgets to the internet. Cloud services are required for this. The IoT devices should then be connected to the cloud server. You may also operate those IoT devices through a website or an app (as per your need). Your website or app will, however, communicate with the cloud, and all operations will take place on the cloud server. To connect your IoT devices to the internet, you can utilize Amazon Web Services (AWS). The author is not advocating Amazon AWS services in this article. If you can afford it, go for it.


What are the functions of IoT devices?

The major goal of deploying IoT devices is to bring large-scale automation into our daily lives. This will also lower human affords while boosting the economy. It will be used for monitoring 24*7 at a low cost. It will also create new job opportunities as demand grows every day.


How can the Internet of Things (IoT) help to revolutionize our society?

Sensors, robotics, and machineries connected to the internet, V2V (vehicle to vehicle) communication, V2I (vehicle to infrastructure) communication, and M2M (machine to machine) communication have all been major concerns for many years. Although these devices consume less data, it is critical to maintain ultra-low latency in order to connect with all IoT devices (nodes) in real time. Due to its large bandwidth resource, modern 5G technology or millimeter wave band has the potential to handle thousands of devices per square kilometer simultaneously and smoothly. The extremely high frequency band, on the other hand, satisfies the ultra-low latency condition as well.


In which areas may the Internet of Things be used to benefit society?


Agriculture

It can give real-time monitoring of crop growth and the requirement for crop harvesting. It may monitor the dryness of the soil, for example, and assist in watering the plants as needed, thanks to AI (artificial intelligence). It has the potential to make farming easier than it has ever been before.


Construction

In construction sites, AI (artificial intelligence) combined with IoT devices can be utilized for risk management, reducing construction site mishaps by adding an extra layer of security.


Education

IoT sensors can be used for energy management by installing IoTs in lights and taps.  It can also be utilised to create a safe and secure school or college atmosphere. With the use of AI, a student can select appropriate elective subjects based on their knowledge. Educational learning apps, on the other hand, can make decisions based on how subject knowledge is provided as well as inputs or feedback from students.


Fleet Management

In today's world, road safety is a hot topic. Every day, many lives are lost as a result of road accidents. We can monitor roadways 24*7, thanks to AI-enabled IoTs. If an accident occurs, or someone violates the speed limit, it will alert the response team immediately. In the same way, IoT sensors put on vehicles can aid fleet management. It has the potential to increase commercial vehicle safety and efficiency.


Healthcare

We all know how critical IoT devices are in the healthcare industry. Every second counts for a patient in this situation. The creation of cloud-based healthcare systems is an excellent notion for saving many lives. Patients, for example, can download healthcare apps to their smartphones based on their needs, and the app will monitor the patient's health state 24 hours a day, seven days a week. It will also automatically convey the message to nearby relatives or doctors.


Logistics

Without a question, a country's logistic system is its economic backbone. If it fails even slightly, we will see price hikes all around us. With an AI-enabled IoT-based logistic system, society can experience a revolution by decreasing unnecessary delays in the delivery process as well as reducing commodities waste.

 

Smart Cities and Spaces

As we move forward in time, we realize the importance of smart cities. This will aid in energy management, air pollution reduction, water management, traffic management, healthcare, parking, and natural disaster management, among other things.


Smart Campus


Smart Malls/Retail


Traffic Management

Traffic management in cities is essential; otherwise, there will be major traffic congestion in popular locations and completely empty streets elsewhere. This is partly dependent on the road's architecture and layout, however smart traffic signals can help. For example, traffic lights should adjust automatically based on traffic volume, with green lights lasting longer when there is more traffic and shorter when the streets are empty. Roads and bridges can also be fitted with sensors to monitor their condition and repair them if they show signs of wear and tear. 

#Unmanned aerial vehicle



People are good at skipping over material they already know!

View Related Topics to







Admin & Author: Salim

profile

  Website: www.salimwireless.com
  Interests: Signal Processing, Telecommunication, 5G Technology, Present & Future Wireless Technologies, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Networks, Millimeter Wave Band Channel, Web Development
  Seeking an opportunity in the Teaching or Electronics & Telecommunication domains.
  Possess M.Tech in Electronic Communication Systems.


Contact Us

Name

Email *

Message *

Popular Posts

BER vs SNR for M-ary QAM, M-ary PSK, QPSK, BPSK, ...

Modulation Constellation Diagrams BER vs. SNR BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ... What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The abbreviation BER stands for bit error rate, which indicates how many corrupted bits are received (after the demodulation process) compared to the total number of bits sent in a communication process. It is defined as,  In mathematics, BER = (number of bits received in error / total number of transmitted bits)  On the other hand, SNR refers to the signal-to-noise power ratio. For ease of calculation, we commonly convert it to dB or decibels.   What is Signal the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)? SNR = signal power/noise power (SNR is a ratio of signal power to noise power) SNR (in dB) = 10*log(signal power / noise power) [base 10] For instance, the SNR for a given communication system is 3dB. So, SNR (in ratio) = 10^{SNR (in dB) / 10} = 2 Therefore, in this instance, the s...

Antenna Gain-Combining Methods - EGC, MRC, SC, and RMSGC

 There are different antenna gain-combining methods. They are as follows. 1. Equal gain combining (EGC) 2. Maximum ratio combining (MRC) 3. Selective combining (SC) 4. Root mean square gain combining (RMSGC) 1. Equal gain combining method We add the correlated data streams from different antennas in the equal gain combining method. Then we multiply the resultant data with (1/(number of antennas)) For example, for two antenna gain-combining  If the received symbols are y1 and y2, then  Equal combing gain, y_egc = 0.5 * (y1 + y2) 2. Maximum ratio combining method We multiply the individual data streams with weights in the maximum ratio combining method. More weightage is multiplied by those data streams with maximum {|h|^2}, where h denotes the channel impulse response. And less weightage is multiplied by those data streams with corresponding small value of  {|h|^2}.  Then we sum the data streams to improve SNR. In the case of Maximum Ratio Combining, if y1 an...

Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK | And the definitions of each

Modulation ASK, FSK & PSK Constellation MATLAB Simulink MATLAB Code Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK    Comparisons among ASK, PSK, and FSK Comparison among ASK,  FSK, and PSK Performance Comparison: 1. Noise Sensitivity:    - ASK is the most sensitive to noise due to its reliance on amplitude variations.    - PSK is less sensitive to noise compared to ASK.    - FSK is relatively more robust against noise, making it suitable for noisy environments. 2. Bandwidth Efficiency:    - PSK is the most bandwidth-efficient, requiring less bandwidth than FSK for the same data rate.    - FSK requires wider bandwidth compared to PSK.    - ASK's bandwidth efficiency lies between FSK and PSK. Bandwidth Calculator for ASK, FSK, and PSK The baud rate represents the number of symbols transmitted per second Select Modulation Type: ASK...

MATLAB code for BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ...

Modulation Constellation Diagrams BER vs. SNR MATLAB code for BER vs SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK, ...   MATLAB Script for  BER vs. SNR for M-QAM, M-PSK, QPSk, BPSK %Written by Salim Wireless %Visit www.salimwireless.com for study materials on wireless communication %or, if you want to learn how to code in MATLAB clc; clear; close all; % Parameters num_symbols = 1e5; % Number of symbols snr_db = -20:2:20; % Range of SNR values in dB % PSK and QAM orders to be tested psk_orders = [2, 4, 8, 16, 32]; qam_orders = [4, 16, 64, 256]; % Initialize BER arrays ber_psk_results = zeros(length(psk_orders), length(snr_db)); ber_qam_results = zeros(length(qam_orders), length(snr_db)); % BER calculation for each PSK order and SNR value for i = 1:length(psk_orders) psk_order = psk_orders(i); for j = 1:length(snr_db) % Generate random symbols data_symbols = randi([0, psk_order-1], 1, num_symb...

Theoretical and simulated BER vs. SNR for ASK, FSK, and PSK

  BER vs. SNR denotes how many bits in error are received in a communication process for a particular Signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio. In most cases, SNR is measured in decibel (dB). For a typical communication system, a signal is often affected by two types of noises 1. Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) 2. Rayleigh Fading In the case of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), random magnitude is added to the transmitted signal. On the other hand, Rayleigh fading (due to multipath) attenuates the different frequency components of a signal differently. A good signal-to-noise ratio tries to mitigate the effect of noise.  Calculate BER for Binary ASK Modulation The theoretical BER for binary ASK (BASK) in an AWGN channel is given by: BER  = (1/2) * erfc(0.5 * sqrt(SNR_ask));   Enter SNR (dB): Calculate BER BER vs. SNR curves for ASK, FSK, and PSK Calculate BER for Binary FSK Modulation The theoretical BER for binary FSK (BFSK) in a...

MATLAB Code for Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) and Demodulation

  Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) & Demodulation MATLAB Script clc; clear all; close all; fm= 10; % frequency of the message signal fc= 100; % frequency of the carrier signal fs=1000*fm; % (=100KHz) sampling frequency (where 1000 is the upsampling factor) t=0:1/fs:1; % sampling rate of (1/fs = 100 kHz) m=1*cos(2*pi*fm*t); % Message signal with period 2*pi*fm (sinusoidal wave signal) c=0.5*square(2*pi*fc*t)+0.5; % square wave with period 2*pi*fc s=m.*c; % modulated signal (multiplication of element by element) subplot(4,1,1); plot(t,m); title('Message signal'); xlabel ('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude'); subplot(4,1,2); plot(t,c); title('Carrier signal'); xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude'); subplot(4,1,3); plot(t,s); title('Modulated signal'); xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude'); %demdulated d=s.*c; % At receiver, received signal is multiplied by carrier signal filter=fir1(200,fm/fs,'low'); % low-pass FIR fi...

Constellation Diagrams of ASK, PSK, and FSK

BASK (Binary ASK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: 0 or -√Eb, where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1.    BFSK (Binary FSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: +√Eb​ ( On the y-axis, the phase shift of 90 degrees with respect to the x-axis, which is also termed phase offset ) or √Eb (on x-axis), where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1.  BPSK (Binary PSK) Modulation: Transmits one of two signals: +√Eb​ or -√Eb (they differ by 180 degree phase shift), where Eb​ is the energy per bit. These signals represent binary 0 and 1.  Key Points For Binary Amplitude Shift Keying (BASK), binary bit '0' can be represented as lower level voltage or no signal and bit '1' as higher level voltage.  For Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK), you can map binary bit '0' to 'j' and bit '1' to '1'. So, signals are in phase.  A phase shift of 0 degrees could represent a binary '1...

MATLAB code for GMSK

  Copy the MATLAB code from here  % The code is developed by SalimWireless.com clc; clear; close all; % Parameters samples_per_bit = 36; bit_duration = 1; num_bits = 20; sample_interval = bit_duration / samples_per_bit; time_vector = 0:sample_interval:(num_bits * bit_duration); time_vector(end) = []; % Generate and modulate binary data binary_data = randi([0, 1], 1, num_bits); modulated_bits = 2 * binary_data - 1; upsampled_signal = kron(modulated_bits, ones(1, samples_per_bit)); figure; plot(time_vector, upsampled_signal); title('Message Signal'); % Apply Gaussian filter filtered_signal = conv(GMSK_gaussian_filter1(bit_duration, samples_per_bit), upsampled_signal); filtered_signal = [filtered_signal, filtered_signal(end)]; figure; plot(filtered_signal); title('Filtered Signal'); % Integration & GMSK modulation integrated_signal = cumsum(filtered_signal); gmsk_signal = exp(1i * integrated_signal); % Plotting the real and imaginary parts of the GMSK signal ...