Skip to main content

Analog Communication Systems Project | With MATLAB Code



You can work on amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or phase modulation (PM) based analog communication projects in analog communication projects. You've probably heard that each town and city has its own radio station. It's commonly referred to as an 'FM Radio Station.' Frequency modulation (FM) is the technology utilized to operate such radio stations. It has a frequency range of 90 to 108 MHz.

A high-frequency carrier is required to transmit any baseband signal. It's nearly difficult without a carrier. We've already talked about why modulation is so important. You are welcome to look through it. We modulate our original speech signal with a high-frequency carrier wave and change the frequency of the modulated carrier signal by the amplitude or voltage of the voice signal to transmit it.

For your information, a vocal transmission, for example, is first translated into an electric signal. It is now known that distinct voltage levels exist for different signals. Now, the carrier wave's frequency is varied by the voltage or current of voice signals, allowing us to transfer data through free space or air.

Now, for a better understanding, we'll go over basic mathematical concepts.

Vc = A*Sin(θ) = A* Sin (wt + Φ)

The above equation is a modulated signal notation, which shows that all signals have some common properties such as amplitude, frequency, and phase. Our portfolio in this article is frequency modulation or FM. So, in this case, we're primarily interested in the modulated signal's frequency component.

As the amplitude or voltage of the speech signal varies, the carrier signal's frequency swings in a certain range. In that instance, we see a certain level of frequency deviation.

For instance, we can represent it numerically as follows:

Fi = Fc + ΔFc

where Fi is the instantaneous frequency that the FM receiver receives. Fc is the carrier signal's frequency, and ΔFc is the frequency deviation which is basically responsible for carrying information.

Assume, for example, that you have a wideband FM signal.

The standard bandwidth of a wideband FM is 200 kHz. A frequency deviation of +/-75 kHz is used on both sides, as well as an extra guard band of 25 kHz, to protect the signal from interference from other radio stations.

Now the entire band will have the same appearance.

25 KHz + 75 KHz + 75 KHz + 25 KHz (guard band + frequency deviation (due to -75 KHz deviation + frequency deviation (due to +75 KHz deviation + guard band)

As previously stated, the bandwidth of the above FM channels is 200 KHz. Wideband FM has been demonstrated in the example above.


When the ratio of the highest to lowest operating frequency (positive frequency) is substantially more than one. Then it's known as a wideband signal. On the other hand, if the radio is close to 1, it is referred to as a narrowband signal.


For realistic FM broadcasting First, the microphone converts the original voice signal to an electrical signal, which is then passed via a pre-amplifier to amplify the millivolt signal into a stronger signal, which helps to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio. The next stage is to use an oscillator to generate a high-frequency carrier wave, which is then modulated by the baseband message or speech signal. Final amplifiers compensate for signal attenuation after it has passed through the modulation step. Finally, the signal is sent from the transmitter to free space or air. Read More...


MATLAB code for FM (Frequency Modulation) Signal




Output











Also read about

[1] Digital Communication Mini Projects
[2] More Wireless Communication Projects/Thesis ideas for Final Year Students [click here]

#analog and digital communication projects

<<Previous Page

📊 MATLAB & ONLINE SIMULATIONS (Web-Based)
🎓 GATE & UGC - NET SOLUTIONS
📡 WIRELESS & SIGNAL PROCESSING


Contact Us

Name

Email *

Message *

Popular Posts

CMOS Logic Gates: Inverter, NAND, and NOR

CMOS Logic Gates: Inverter, NAND, and NOR Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology forms the backbone of modern digital IC design. Patented by Frank Wanlass in 1963 ( US patent 3,356,858 ), CMOS enables low-power, high-speed, and noise-immune logic circuits. CMOS gates, including inverters, NAND, and NOR, are widely used in both large-scale and small-scale integrated circuits due to their efficiency and versatility. CMOS Inverter A CMOS inverter consists of a complementary pair of PMOS and NMOS transistors. The PMOS transistor connects to the supply voltage V DD , while the NMOS connects to ground. The input voltage V IN controls both gates, and the output voltage V OUT is taken from the connected drains. CMOS inverters are highly energy-efficient and produce minimal heat due to their comple...
Read more

UGC NET Electronic Science Previous Year Question Papers with Solutions

Download Papers and Solutions Exam Pattern Preparation Tips FAQs More Home / Engineering & Other Exams / UGC NET 2026 PYQ 📊 Exam Highlights: Electronic Science (88) Feature Details Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) ₹37,000 + HRA per month Eligibility M.Sc/M.Tech in Electronics (55%) Validity of Certificate JRF (3 Years) | Lectureship (Lifetime) 📥 Download UGC NET Electronics PDFs Complete collection of previous year question papers, answer keys and explanations for Subject Code 88. Start Downloading 📂 View All Question Papers June 2026 - Question Paper Download PDF June 202...
Read more

Design of CMOS Flip-Flops (SR, D, JK)

Design of CMOS Flip-Flops (SR, D, JK) A flip-flop or latch is a circuit with two stable states, used to store state information. It is the basic storage element in sequential logic and a fundamental building block in digital electronics systems, including computers and communication devices. Flip-flops and latches act as data storage elements for states, pulse counting, and synchronization of variably-timed input signals to a reference clock. Flip-flops can be transparent/opaque (latches) or clocked (synchronous, edge-triggered). Latches are level-sensitive, while flip-flops are edge-sensitive. In sequential logic, the output depends on current inputs and previous states. Fig.1 shows a sequential circuit combining a combinational block and a memory element. ...
Read more

Flat vs Frequency Selective Online Simulator

Flat vs Frequency Selective Online Simulator Channel Type Without Fading Flat Fading Multipaths Nakagami m SNR(dB) Run Simulation Input Signal Signal After Fading Constellation Diagram BER vs SNR Explore Advanced Flat vs Frequency-Selective Fading Simulator Want to see these equations in action? Visualize it. Launch Simulator Tool Flat Fading and Frequency-Selective Fading Effects of Multipath Components and the Nakagami-m Parameter 1. Flat Fading Flat fading occurs when the signal bandwidth is smaller than the channel's coherence bandwidth, meaning that all frequency components of the transmitted signal experience approximately the same fading. It is typically associated with narrowband signals, where the multipath delay spread is small relative to the symbol duration. ...
Read more

Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE) in MATLAB

  MATLAB Code M = 4; % QPSK numSymbols = 10000; numTrainingSymbols = 5000; chtaps = [1 0.5*exp(1i*pi/6) 0.1*exp(-1i*pi/8)]; % Generate QPSK symbols data = randi([0 M-1], numSymbols, 1); tx = pskmod(data, M, pi/4); % DFE setup eq = comm.DecisionFeedbackEqualizer; eq.ReferenceTap = 1; eq.NumForwardTaps = 5; eq.NumFeedbackTaps = 3; % SNR sweep snrVec = 0:5:25; % 0,5,10,...25 dB berBefore = zeros(size(snrVec)); berAfter = zeros(size(snrVec)); for k = 1:length(snrVec) % Apply channel and AWGN rx = awgn(filter(chtaps,1,tx), snrVec(k), 'measured' ); % BER before equalization rxDataNoEq = pskdemod(rx, M, pi/4); [~, berBefore(k)] = biterr(data, rxDataNoEq); % Equalize [y,~,~] = eq(rx, tx(1:numTrainingSymbols)); % Phase correction phaseOffset = angle(mean(conj(tx(1:numTrainingSymbols)) .* y(1:numTrainingSymbols))); yCorrected = y * exp(-1i*phaseOffset); % BER after equalization rxDataEq = pskdemod(yCorrected, M, pi/4); [...
Read more

MUSIC Algorithm Explained (with MATLAB + Simulator)

Practical Implementation of the MUSIC Algorithm The focus is on how the algorithm works computationally , not just theory, and it explains the denominator (a H E n E n H a) mathematically and intuitively. 1. Introduction The MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) algorithm is a high-resolution method used in signal processing and array processing to estimate the Direction of Arrival (DOA) of signals received by a sensor array. Unlike classical beamforming methods, MUSIC uses eigenvector decomposition of the covariance matrix to separate the signal subspace and noise subspace , allowing it to achieve much higher angular resolution. In practical implementations, MUSIC works by: Simulating or collecting array signals Computing the covariance matrix Performing eigenvalue decomposition Separating signal and noise subspaces Scanning possible angles using a steering vector Constructing a pseudo-spectrum where peaks indicate signal directions 2. Signal Mo...
Read more

Linear vs Circular Convolution

Linear vs Circular Convolution Linear convolution vs circular convolution Linear convolution (what nature does) If: x[n] = transmitted signal h[n] = channel impulse response (multipath) Then the received signal is: y[n] = x[n] * h[n] This means: Past symbols spill into future symbols Causes inter-symbol interference (ISI) DFT of y[n] is not a simple product Circular convolution (what DFT assumes) The DFT assumes periodic signals : y[n] = x[n] ⊛ h[n], where indices wrap around modulo N Only under circular convolution does the DFT satisfy: Y[k] = X[k] · H[k] This is what enables one-tap frequency-domain equalization . What happens in the real channel (linear convolution) The channel performs linear convolution: y[n] = Σ l=0 Lh−1 h[l] x[n-l] But because: CP absorbs the “spillover” Receiver discards CP before DFT The useful part of the received symbol becomes: y[n] = Σ l=0 Lh−1 h[l] x[(n-l) mod N] Modulo inde...
Read more

Superheterodyne Receiver Online Simulator

Superheterodyne Receiver Simulator Simulation Controls Message Frequency (Hz): Carrier Frequency (Hz): Intermediate Frequency (Hz): Sampling Frequency (Hz): Simulation Duration (s): Run Simulation Signal Plots Numerical Values (first 10 samples) Superheterodyne Receiver Workflow The superheterodyne receiver converts a received RF signal to an intermediate frequency (IF) to simplify filtering and amplification, and finally recovers the original message signal. Steps: Input Message Signal: A low-frequency signal m(t) (e.g., sine wave). RF Modulation (AM): The message modulates the carrier with amplitude modulation: RF(t) = [1 + K_a * m(t)] * cos(2Ï€ f_c t) Mixing with Local Oscillator (LO): The RF signal is multiplied by a local oscillator LO(t) = cos(2Ï€ f_LO t) to produce: IF(t) = RF(t) * LO(t) Intermediate Frequency Filtering: A low-pass filter extracts t...
Read more