LPC Wireless Simulator Analyze (Encoder) $\rightarrow$ Bitstream (.lpc) $\rightarrow$ Synthesis (Decoder) PCM Bitrate 705.6 kbps LPC Bitrate ~4.2 kbps Ratio 168:1 Status Idle 📡 1. TRANSMITTER 🎤 Start Mic / Upload Audio 🔴 Record Resynthesis Input Audio File 💾 Download .LPC Payload ⚙️ SETTINGS LIVE MONITORING LPC O...

Beginner's TBP Simulator 1. Simulator: Data Pulse (Raised Cosine) This mimics how a single bit of data is shaped in modern wireless communication. Roll-off Factor (β) 0.5 (Adjusts how "sharp" the filter is) Filter Span (Time) 6 (How long the pulse lasts) Calculated TBP: 1.25 Good Efficiency 2. Simulator: Gaussian Pulse (The Perfect Balance) The Gaussian pulse is special because it achieves the minimum possible TBP . It is the "smoothest" possible signal. ...

  Time Constant of Linear Diode Detector The time constant of a linear diode detector (envelope detector) is the RC time constant of its filter network. It determines how fast the capacitor: charges to the carrier peaks discharges between peaks Time Constant Formula τ = R × C Where: R = load resistor C = filter capacitor τ = time constant in seconds Diode Detector Circuit Diode RF ----|>|----+---- Audio Out | C | R | GND The capacitor charges quickly through the diode when the RF envelope rises. When the envelope falls: diode becomes reverse biased capacitor discharges through R That discharge speed is controlled by the RC time constant. Choosing the Correct Time Constant 1/fc << RC << 1/fm ...

  TRIAC Delay Angle and Power Dissipation TRIAC’s delay angle (also called the firing angle α ) controls power by “cutting” part of the AC sine wave before allowing current to flow. In AC mains, the voltage waveform is sinusoidal: v(t) = Vm sin(ωt) A TRIAC stays OFF at the start of each half-cycle. After a delay angle α , it is triggered ON and conducts for the rest of that half-cycle. Effect of Delay Angle Small delay angle → more of the sine wave passes → more RMS voltage → more power Large delay angle → less of the sine wave passes → lower RMS voltage → less power The output waveform becomes a chopped sine wave . Waveform Examples α = 0° → full sine wave passes α = 90° → first half of each half-cycle removed α = 150° → only a small tail passes Power Equation For a resistive load: P = Vrms² / R...

Pull-Up and Pull-Down Ratio in nMOS Inverter nMOS Inverter Overview In an nMOS inverter, the nMOS transistor acts as the pull-down device, while a load device (resistor or depletion nMOS) acts as the pull-up network. Pull-Down Network The nMOS transistor is the pull-down device It pulls the output to 0 (GND) when ON Pull-Up Network The load device pulls the output to VDD when input is LOW It provides a weak logic HIGH Pull-Up Ratio (PU Ratio) Defined as: Pull-up ratio = βL / βN Where: βL = transconductance parameter of load device βN = transconductance parameter of nMOS pull-down transistor Meaning: Measures strength of pull-up compared to pull-down. Pull-Down Ratio (PDR) Defined as: Pull-down ratio = βN / βL Meaning: Measures strength of pull-down compared to pull-up. ...

  Absolute Potential In electrostatics, absolute potential (also called electric potential at a point ) is the amount of work done per unit positive charge in bringing a test charge from infinity to that point without acceleration. Definition V = W / q Where: V = absolute potential (volts) W = work done in bringing the charge (joules) q = test charge (coulombs) For a point charge Q , the absolute potential at distance r is: V = (1 / 4πε₀) × (Q / r) Here: Q = source charge r = distance from the charge ε₀ = permittivity of free space 1 / 4πε₀ = 9 × 10⁹ So we usually write: V = (9 × 10⁹ × Q) / r Important Points Potential is a scalar quantity . Unit: Volt (V) . At infinity, potential is taken as zero . Positive charge gives positive potential; negative charge gives negative potential. Exampl...

  Core Diameter of Single-Mode and Multimode Fiber The core diameter of an optical fiber determines how light travels through it and whether the fiber is single-mode or multimode . 1. Single-Mode Fiber (SMF) A single-mode fiber allows only one propagation mode of light. Typical Core Diameter 8 μm to 10 μm (Common standard: 9 μm) Condition for Single Mode A fiber behaves as single-mode when the normalized frequency (V-number) satisfies: V = (2πa / λ) × NA < 2.405 Where: a = core radius λ = wavelength NA = numerical aperture Since core diameter d = 2a: d = (2Vλ) / (2πNA) For cutoff condition V = 2.405: d = [2 × 2.405 × λ] / (2π × NA) This formula helps calculate the maximum core diameter for single-mode operation. 2. Multimode Fiber (MMF) ...

Virtual Labs Instructions for Power Spectral Density (PSD) Simulator Step 1: Click on "Generate Input Signal" to generate the signal. Step 2: Select the base signal from the dropdown menu, and Enter the input signal frequency (in Hz), and the sampling frequency (Hz) in the parameters section. Step 3: Choose an operation (such as addition, multiplication, or convolution) from the "Operations" section. Step 4: Click the "Simulate" button to run the simulation. Step 5: Reset the simulator by clicking the "Reset Simulator" button. × Parameters Base Signal Select an input Sine Wave Cosine Wave Rectangular Pulse triangular Pulse Input Signal Frequency (Hz) Sampling Frequency (Hz) Pulse Width (s) ...