Q. The output frequency of a triangular wave generator circuit as shown below is: Option 1: f = R₁R₂ / 4RC Option 2: f = R₂ / 4R₁RC ✓ Correct Option 3: f = 4R₁R₂ / RC Option 4: f = 4RC / R₁R₂ Step-by-Step Solution Step 1: Identify the circuit The circuit consists of two operational amplifiers: First op-amp: Schmitt trigger (comparator with positive feedback). Second op-amp: Integrator. Step 2: Find the switching voltage Let the saturation voltage of the Schmitt trigger be ±V sat . At the switching point, the comparator input voltage is zero. V p = (R 1 / R 2 ...

  Q. Which of the following MOSFET configurations can be used as a current source? Assume V b and V DD are fixed. Choose the correct answer: 1. A, B and C Only 2. C and D Only 3. B and C Only ✓ Correct Answer 4. A and D Only Explanation For a MOSFET to work as a current source, its gate-to-source voltage (V GS ) must remain constant and the MOSFET should operate in the saturation region. A. Incorrect The source is connected to the output X. Therefore, V GS changes when the output voltage changes. Hence, it does not provide a constant current. B. Correct The source is connected to V DD , while the gate is connected to the fixed bias V b . Thus, V GS rem...

  In an optical fibre, the refractive index of core, n₁ = 1.55 and refractive index of cladding, n₂ = 1.5 . What are the values of numerical aperture (NA) and acceptance angle (θ₀)? Given: Core refractive index: n₁ = 1.55 Cladding refractive index: n₂ = 1.50 Step 1: Calculate Numerical Aperture (NA) Formula: NA = √(n₁² − n₂²) Substituting the values: NA = √(1.55² − 1.50²) NA = √(2.4025 − 2.25) NA = √0.1525 NA ≈ 0.391 Step 2: Calculate Acceptance Angle Formula: NA = sin θ₀ Therefore: θ₀ = sin⁻¹(NA) θ₀ = sin⁻¹(0.391) θ₀ ≈ 23° ✓ Final Answer Option 3 (closest match) Numerical Ape...

  Q. For 8051 microcontroller operating at a frequency of 11.0592 MHz, how long will it take to execute the instruction MUL AB ? 1. 1.085 μs 2. 2.17 μs 3. 3.255 μs 4. 4.34 μs ✓ Correct Answer Step-by-Step Solution Given: Microcontroller: 8051 Clock frequency: 11.0592 MHz Instruction: MUL AB Step 1: Calculate Machine Cycle Time For a standard 8051 microcontroller, 1 machine cycle = 12 clock cycles. T MC = 12 / f = 12 / (11.0592 × 10 6 ) = 1.085 μs Step 2: Calculate Execution Time The MUL AB instruction requires 4 machine cycl...

  The pen motor in an ECG machine is a small motor that moves the recording pen to draw the ECG waveform on paper. How does it work? The electrodes detect the electrical activity of the heart. The ECG circuit amplifies these weak electrical signals. The amplified signals control the pen motor. The pen moves up and down according to the heart's electrical activity, producing the ECG waves (P, QRS and T). In simple words: The pen motor converts electrical signals into mechanical movement so that the ECG waveform can be drawn on paper. Pen motor = converts electrical signal variations into pen movement to record the ECG.

  The table gives the set of 10 measurements that were recorded in the laboratory. What is the precision of the 6th measurement? Measurement Number Measurement Value (x n ) 1 98 2 101 3 102 4 97 5 101 6 100 7 103 8 98 9 106 10 99 Choose the correct answer: 1. 0.901 2. 0.995 ✓ Correct Answer 3. 0.899 4. 0.896 Solution Step 1: Calculate the average measurement Given measurements: 98, 101, 102, 97, 101, 100, 103, 98, 106, 99 Average formula: x̄ = Σx i / n ...

  Match the LIST-I with LIST-II LIST-I LIST-II A. Discrete time unit step u[n] I. ½ [f[n] + f[−n]] B. Discrete time unit impulse δ[n] II. u[n] − u[n−1] C. Discrete time even function III. ∑ δ[m] m = −∞ to n D. Discrete time odd function IV. ½ [f[n] − f[−n]] Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 1. A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV 2. A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV 3. A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I 4. A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III ✓ Corre...

  Given: G(s) = K / [s(s + 7)(s + 11)] H(s) = 1 (Unity Feedback) Step 1: Characteristic Equation For a unity negative feedback system: 1 + G(s)H(s) = 0 1 + K / [s(s + 7)(s + 11)] = 0 s(s + 7)(s + 11) + K = 0 Step 2: Expand the Equation s(s² + 18s + 77) + K = 0 s³ + 18s² + 77s + K = 0 Step 3: Construct the Routh Array Power of s First Column Second Column s³ 1 77 s² 18 K s¹ (1386 - K) / 18 0 s⁰ K - ...