Amplitude Demodulation Instructions for Amplitude Modulation (AM) Step 1: Click on 'Generate Message' button to generate input message signal Step 2: Then click on 'Generate Carrier' button to generate carrier signal. The carrier frequency has to be more than the message frequency and You can change frequencies using sliders Step 3: Click on 'Generate Amplitude Modulated Signal' button to generate Amplitude Modulated Signal Step 4: Click the 'Show Frequency Spectrums' button to view the AM spectra. Here, the modulation index is defined as the ratio of the message signal amplitude to the carrier signal amplitude. You can adjust both values. 50 Hz Step 1: Generate Message 500 Hz ...

AM Waveform Generator Standard: Amplitude Modulation (AM) Message Frequency (Hz) 50 Hz Carrier Frequency (Hz) 500 Hz Message Signal Amplitude 1 Carrier Signal Amplitude 1 Step 1: messagePlot $m(t) = A_m\cos(2\pi f_m t)$ Step 2: carrierPlot $c(t) = A_c\cos(2\pi f_c t)$ Step 3: superimposed $x(t) = [A_c + m(t)]$ Step 4: modulatedPlot $s(t) = [A_c + m(t)]\cos(2\pi f_c t)$ Perform AM Demodulation ...

  Is India’s Telecom Pricing Becoming a Burden for the Common Man? Every few months, we see changes in mobile plans, pricing, and affordable recharge options. For an individual, ₹20–₹50 may seem like a small amount. But for a family with multiple connections, the impact adds up every month. Today, mobile connectivity is essential—not a luxury. UPI, banking, education, jobs, government services, and even emergency communication depend on it. Telecom companies have every right to grow and earn profits. But the question is: Where should the balance be between business growth and consumer affordability? If prices continue to increase while cheaper options disappear, the burden ultimately falls on ordinary families. This is not just about Airtel. It is about the affordability of essential digital connectivity in India. Why Is Mobile Data Becoming More Expensive in India? Mobile data and recharge prices in India have been trending upward...

What is Bit Error Rate (BER)? The BER indicates how many corrupted bits are received compared to the total number of bits sent. It is the primary figure of merit for any digital communication link. BER = (number of bits received in error) / (total number of transmitted bits) What is Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)? SNR is the ratio of signal power to noise power, typically expressed in decibels (dB) to handle large variations in signal strength. SNR (dB) = 10 * log10(Signal Power / Noise Power) Example: An SNR of 3 dB means signal power is 2x stronger than noise. BER Requirements by Application Technology Typical Modulation Target BER 5G Mobile Data 256-QAM 10 -4 to 10 -6 Satellite Comms (Deep Space) BPSK / ...

Flat & Frequency Selective Channels & BER Simulator Fading Distribution Rayleigh (NLOS) Rician (LOS) Nakagami-m (m=2) Signal Frequency: 1.0 MHz Multipath Taps: 3 Path Delay ($\tau$): 2.0 μs SNR (for Spectrum): 30 dB Calculate BER Curve Coh. BW -- Status -- Instantaneous Channel Response $|H(f)|$ Mathematical Foundation & Workflow 1. Signal Generation The simulator generates a discrete-time signal $x[n]$. F...

Understanding Frequency-Selective Channels A student-friendly guide to multipath propagation, channel frequency response, flat fading, frequency-selective fading, and two-path channel simulation. Basic Idea Multipath Two-Path Model Flat vs Selective Simulation Key Concept 1. Basic Idea A frequency-selective channel does not affect all frequencies of a signal equally. Imagine sending a signal containing many frequency components through a wireless channel. Because of multipath propagation, some frequency components may become stronger while others may become weaker. Therefore, the channel gain is not necessarily constant with frequency. Channel Gain at Frequency f1 f2 f3 f4 At one frequency the signal may be strong, while at another frequency it may be strongly attenuated. Key observation: ...