BFSK Orthogonality Simulator BFSK Orthogonality Simulator T: f₁: f₂: Run Simulation Signals 📘 Mathematical Model Behind the Simulator The simulator generates two sinusoidal signals used in Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK): s₁(t) = cos(2πf₁t) s₂(t) = cos(2πf₂t) To check orthogonality, it computes the inner product: ∫₀ᵀ s₁(t)s₂(t) dt If the result is approximately zero, the signals are orthogonal. ⚙️ What Each Input Means T (Symbol Duration) This defines the time interval over which signals are observed. Orthogonality depends directly on this value. 0 ≤ t ≤ T f₁ (Frequency 1) Frequency of the first BFSK signal (represents binary "0" or "1"). cos(2πf₁t) f₂ (Frequency 2) ...

  Lumped vs Distributed Circuits Lumped Circuit vs Distributed Circuit The difference between lumped and distributed circuits comes down to how voltage, current, and physical size relate to the signal wavelength. Lumped Circuit Concept: Components are assumed to be concentrated at discrete points. Condition: \[ \text{Size of circuit} \ll \lambda \] Where \( \lambda \) is the wavelength of the signal. Assumptions: Voltage and current are uniform across components No propagation delay Governing Laws: Ohm's Law: \( V = IR \) Kirchhoff’s Laws (KVL and KCL) Examples: DC circuits Low-frequency AC circuits Basic electronic circuits Distributed Circuit Concept: Electrical parameters are distributed continuously along the conductor. Condition: \[ \text{Size of circuit} \approx \lambda \ \text{or larger} \] Characteristics: Voltage and current vary with ...

📘 Instructions ⚙️ Simulator 📡 Demodulate 📈 Graphs OFDM Simulation Tool Interactive Virtual Lab: Configure parameters and visualize BPSK mapping & IFFT transformations. Start Simulator Now Instructions for OFDM Modulation with BPSK Follow these steps to complete the modulation process: Note: Use the input fields to enter symbols, subcarriers, CP length, frequency, and Baud Rate. Step 1: Generate Message button for input bitstream. Step 2: 'Make OFDM Symbol' to map bits. Step 3: 'Generate Subcarr...

  FM vs AM Power Comparison Does FM Need More Power Than AM? FM generally requires more transmitted power in practical communication systems, but the reason is not straightforward. In theory, both AM and FM can transmit information without inherently requiring more average power. However, FM is designed for better noise immunity, which changes bandwidth and system requirements. 1. AM Power (DSB-LC Case) Standard AM signal: s(t) = Ac (1 + m cos ωm t) cos ωc t Where: Ac = carrier amplitude m = modulation index (0 to 1) Total AM Power: PAM = Pc (1 + m²/2) Where Pc is the carrier power. A major portion of AM power is wasted in the carrier. At maximum modulation (m = 1): PAM(max) = 1.5 Pc Only about 33% of the power is actually useful for information transfer. 2. FM Power FM signal equation: s(t) = Ac cos(ωc t + β sin ωm t) Key point...